BIO Exam 2

A substance that prompts an immune response is a(n)

Antigen

During the carbon cycle, carbon naturally cycles between non-living geologic and atmospheric __ and living organisms. Sources Reservoirs Zones

Reservoirs

Which of these contains more genes? -The genome of a singing thing -The genome of a virus

The genome of a living thing.

A protein produced by B lymphocytes that can bind a specific antigen is called a(n)

antibodies

similar types of ecosystems are called ______

biome

The type of T cell that activates cytotoxic T cells during Cell-mediated immune response is called ______ T cells.

helper T cells

How would you describe the impact of climate change globally? -Greenhouse gases and their effects impact the entire planet reaching every biome on earth -Most biomes are resilient enough to withstand climate change because of the adaptability of the communities that inhabit them. -The reach of climate change is limited to coastal land and tropical areas near the equator

-Greenhouse gases and their effects impact the entire planet reaching every biome on earth

The genetic material of all living things is DNA, as far as we know. Viruses, however, may also use _______ as their genetic material. -Protein -Bacteria -RNA -ATP

-RNA

Fossil fuels are derived from -Remains of plant and animals that died millions of years ago -Conversion of the energy of falling water into electricity -Renewable fossil beds in tropical countries -Agricultural run-offs and sedimentation buildup

-Remains of plant and animals that died millions of years ago

Which of the following are examples of emerging diseases? -SARS -Influenza -MERS -H1N1 -herpes -The common cold

-SARS -MERS -H1N1

Which of these would you include in a summary of the evidence that the climate of the planet is changing? Select all that apply. -The oceans are getting colder and more shallow -Temperatures near the planets surface are increasing -Temperatures near the planets surface are decreasing -Glaciers, sea ice, and snow coverage are decreasing -Extreme wether events like droughts, heat waves, and coastal flooding are increasing

-Temperatures near the planets surface are increasing -Glaciers, sea ice, and snow coverage are decreasing -Extreme wether events like droughts, heat waves, and coastal flooding are increasing

Which of these would you include in a possible explanation for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 -Uncertain -Retrovirus -Horseshoe Bats -Zoonotic Virus -Pangolins -An animal host -Certain

-Uncertain -Horseshoe Bats -Zoonotic Virus -Pangolins -An animal host

At present, the United States meets more than __ of its energy needs with fossil fuels. 30% 50% 70% 80%

80%

What is an antigen?

Any substance that brings about an immune response

Which type of COVID-19 test would a person use if they want to look for active presence of the virus> Urinalysis Antibody testing Diagnostic testing Complete blood count (CBC)

Diagnostic Testing

all foos choices contribute ________ to carbon emissions than others: fruits and vegetables contribute comparatively less than _________ -Differently; red meat and dairy -Evenly; red mean and dairy -Evenly; locally grown fruits and vegetables -Differently; locally grown fruits and vegetables

Differently; red meat and dairy

coal, oil, and natural gas are all examples of _______ fuels

Fossil

Which of the following structures are components found in all viruses?

Genetic material and capsid

the two most important insect vectors are ticks and ________, which can transmit diseases like malaria and zika virus.

Mosquitoes

Mutations are changes to the ______ sequence of a DNA molecule.

Nucleotide

An antibody is a type of ______ that binds an antigen in one form of adaptive immune response.

Protein

For entry into a host epithelial cell, the SARS-CoV-2 _______ fits into the ____. E protein; ACE-2 receptor N protein; S protein S protein; ACE-2 rector

S protein; ACE-2 receptor

Medications that treat a virus by targeting its life cycle are called ______ medications.

antiviral

Which phase of a COVID-19 infection produces little to not notable reaction in the body? Asymptomatic phase hyperinflammation phase Pulmonary phase

asymptomatic phase

the planet's ______ can be described as the sum of all of the regions where living organisms can be found.

biosphere

A calculation of the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere by a specific entity is called a(n) -energy variable -Climate quotient -Carbon footprint

carbon footprint

Select the gases with a complex structure that can contribute to the greenhouse effect. chlorofluorocarbons carbon dioxide nitrous oxide oxygen

chlorofluorocarbons carbon dioxide nitrous oxide

our planet is warm enough for living organisms to inhabit because the _______ warms the planet as gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy

greenhouse effect

Because it includes the body's external barriers and cellular and chemical mechanisms that add general protection against pathogens ______ immunity is also referred to as nonspecific immunity.

innate

In general, fossil fuels form ______. -Deep within the earths mantle -From the accumulation of organic material in shallow, warm swamps or marine zones -Along collision zones between converging tectonic plates -From the upwelling of magma along mid-ocean ridge

--From the accumulation of organic material in shallow, warm swamps or marine zones

Which of these is the best description of the concept of a carbon footprint? -A calculation of the amount of carbon that is directly or indirectly released into the atmosphere by the actions of a specific entity. -A calculation of the amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere minus the amount of carbon predicted to be removed by plants annually. -A calculation of the amount of carbon directly released into the atmosphere by the actions of related entities.

-A calculation of the amount of carbon that is directly or indirectly released into the atmosphere by the actions of a specific entity.

Which of the is most closely associated with the pulmonary phase of a COVID-19 infection? A full immune response Acute respiratory distress syndrome Common symptoms like cough and fever A slight immune response

-A full immune response -Common symptoms like cough and fever

Select the distinguishing characteristics of coronaviruses. - A group of RNA viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. -Crown of spikes on their surface -RNA viruses that infect humans and birds -A polyhedral head and helical tail

-A group of RNA viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. -Crown of spikes on their surface

A person who has been vaccinated against a pathogen will generally have ____ upon secondary expose to that pathogen. -A shorter immune response time -A slower immune response time -A predictive immune response -No immune response

-A shorter immune response time

Select all the apply: an invasive species can be defines as... -a species introduced out of its range -A species that negatively impacts biodiversity -A species that is more tolerant to change than most native species -A species with no natural predators

-A species introduced out of its range -A species that negatively impacts biodiversity -A species that is more tolerant to change than most native species

from the following description, choose the ones that accurately describe the viral envelope found in some viruses. -Regulate the movement of materials into and out of the cells -Assists in the attachment and entry of the virus into a host cell -Composed of remnants of the host cells' plasma membrane -A protein coat the surrounds the viral genome

-Assists in the attachment and entry of the virus into a host cell -Composed of remnants of the host cell's plasma membrane

Select all of the stages of the lytic cycle -Attachment -Penetration -Biosynthesis -release -integration -Maturation

-Attachment -Penetration -Biosynthesis -Maturation -Release

Which of these are the main factors that determine climate in an area? -Average precipitation over time -Average temperature over time -The number of seasons in the area -The area's altitude

-Average precipitation over time -Average temperature over time

Which list includes only common hosts for coronaviruses? -Lizards, bats, birds -Bats, livestock, camels -Humans, birds, sharks

-Bats, livestock, camels

Choose the best description of the impact of climate change on the community level of biology. -Biological communities are linked to one another, so even minor changes within a community can have major effects. -Biological communities are resilient enough that they can quickly adapt to climate change, so it is encouraging their evolution into more robust species and groups of species. -Biological communities need climate change so that species within their communities can continue to evolve.

-Biological communities are linked to one another, so even minor changes within a community can have major effects.

Select the accurate description of zoonotic diseases. -Have always infected large numbers of humans -Can only pass on to humans from exotic species that have little contact with humans -Incapable of causing major outbreaks -Can be passes to humans from common animals like dogs and chickens -May be referred to as emerging -Capable of causing major outbreaks

-Can be passes to humans from common animals like dogs and chickens -May be referred to as emerging -Capable of causing major outbreaks

Select the statements that, together, describe the principles of the global carbon cycle. -The movement of carbon between sinks and sources is completely human-controlled. -Carbon is released from sources like living organisms as they break down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. -Carbon sinks exist in reservoirs, like oceans, fossil fuel stores, and the atmosphere. -Plants and other autotrophs remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when they produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis.

-Carbon is released from sources like living organisms as they break down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. -Carbon sinks exist in reservoirs, like oceans, fossil fuel stores, and the atmosphere. -Plants and other autotrophs remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when they produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis.

Which best describes the principles of the global carbon cycle? -Living organisms both add carbon dioxide to and remove it from the environment in a cycle -Carbon moves from living to nonliving reservoirs in a cycle -Carbon naturally cycles between nonliving reservoirs called sinks and living organisms called sources.

-Carbon naturally cycles between nonliving reservoirs called sinks and living organisms called sources.

Select the reasons that beef is a costly food course compared to others: -Raising cattle produces a great deal of waste -Cattle produce greenhouse gases -Raising cattle requires a lot of fresh water -Raising cattle requires a lot of land

-Cattle produce greenhouse gases -Raising cattle requires a lot of land

An ecosystem is -a group of population in a given area -Communities with all of their living and nonliving components -Just another term used for a community -A collection of different species that interact

-Communities with all of their living and nonliving components

Cattle farming and deforestation, in conjunction with increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, can cause -Desertification of grassland biome, converting a formerly moist, warm environment into a desert. -Disturbance in nearby aquatic ecosystems, causing acidification -A shift in the typical patterns of evolution.

-Desertification of grassland biome, converting a formerly moist, warm environment into a desert.

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the carbon cycle? -Before the carbon cycle begins, living things must release carbon into the atmosphere through cellular respiration or photosynthesis. -Cellular respiration adds carbon to the atmosphere at the beginning of the carbon cycle, and photosynthesis removes it at the end of the cycle. -During the carbon cycle, carbon is released into the atmosphere by living organisms through cellular respiration and removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.

-During the carbon cycle, carbon is released into the atmosphere by living organisms through cellular respiration and removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.

Select descriptions of monoclonal antibodies and their effects in treating COVID-19. -Effects are short lived -Suppresses the immune system -Antibodies produced in a lab environment administered most often as a preventative measure -Boost the immune system -purified from the blood of a previously infected person -Effects are long lasting -Administered most often to patients in the high risk catergory

-Effects are short lived -Antibodies produced in a lab environment -Boost immune system -Purified from the blood of a previously infected person -Administered most often to patients in the high risk category

Which of these is the primary characteristic that distinguishes global warming form climate change? -Climate change has caused tornadoes and hurricanes. -Global warming is concerned primarily with the surface temperatures of the earth. -Global warming concerns temperatures and precipitation. -There is not distinguishing between the two: these terms mean the same thing.

-Global warming is concerned primarily with the surface temperatures of the earth.

Beef is a costly food source because raising cattle requires more ____ than other livestock and because cows are large producers of methane and other ______ gases.

-Land -Greenhouse

Select the examples of invasive species disrupting community and ecosystem function. -Lion fish compete with snapper and grouper through the Caribbean -Ticks have expanded their range -Kudzu is outcompeting native plant species -The Bramble Cay melody's is believed to have gone extinct.

-Lion fish compete with snapper and grouper through the Caribbean Kudzu is outcompeting native plant species

Select the ingredients you'd expect to find in a typical COVID-19 vaccine? N protein mRNA -ACE-2 receptors -Lipids -Sodium Acetate -Glucose -S proteins mRNA -Acetic acid

-Lipids Sodium acetate -S proteins mRNA -Acetic acid

Select each accurate description of zoonotic disease. -can only be caused by viruses -May enclave new characteristics as they are passed between animal species -Transmitted from human to other animals -Can be caused by a number of pathogens -Can only be caused by bacteria -Transmitted from an animal host to humans.

-May enclave new characteristics as they are passed between animal species -Can be caused by a number of pathogens -Transmitted from an animal host to humans.

Which of these organelles is most closely associated with the process of cellular respiration? -Mitochondria -Ribosomes -Lysosomes -Chloroplasts

-Mitochondria

Select all the features present in the basic structure of a virus... -Nucleic acid core -A cell wall -Protein capsid -A cell membrane

-Nucleic acid core -Protein capsid

Select all of the information you would use to summarize the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis cannot add or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. -Photosynthesis is a natural process performed by autotrophs, including plants. -Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. -Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make carbohydrates. -Photosynthesis adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

-Photosynthesis is a natural process performed by autotrophs, including plants. -Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. -Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make carbohydrates.

Which statement best summarizes the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? -Photosynthesis is a plant process and does not play a role in the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere during the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis adds carbon to the atmosphere during the carbon cycle.

-Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere during the carbon cycle.

How might you summarize what happens during photosynthesis? -Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules. -Plants use energy from the sun to synthesize chlorophyll. -Plants capture energy from sunlight and convert the energy into glucose. -Plants convert glucose into oxygen.

-Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules.

which scenarios describe the impact of climate change on global ecosystems? -Poorly managed agricultural practices like cattle farming convert grasslands into desert wastelands. -Increased temperatures cause a breakdown of symbiotic relationships with algae, creating a phenomenon called coral bleaching -The range of insects capable of spreading diseases expands and contracts depending on temperatures. -Grasslands are converted to deserts as they are cleared, temperatures rise, and precipitation is reduced.

-Poorly managed agricultural practices like cattle farming convert grasslands into desert wastelands. -Increased temperatures cause a breakdown of symbiotic relationships with algae, creating a phenomenon called coral bleaching -Grasslands are converted to deserts as they are cleared, temperatures rise, and precipitation is reduced.

In order to detect the presence of COVID-19, which of these might be used? -Saliva or nasal swab for an immunoassay used to detect viral antigens -Blood draw with analysis for antibodies -Urinalysis and CBC -Nasal swab and molecular analysis via CRISPR

-Saliva or nasal swab for an immunoassay used to detect viral antigens -Nasal swab and molecular analysis CRISPR

Based on genetic studies that show 90% similarity between pangolin coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, and 96% similarity between horseshoe bat coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, which of the following deductions is supported? -SARS-CoV-2 did not come from bats or pangolins since neither number is significant enough, statistically. -The SARS-CoV-2 that infected humans to start the global pandemic is more likely to have come from pangolins. -Pangolins were not involved in the evolution of the coronavirus that eventually evolved into SARS-CoV-2. -The SARS-CoV-2 that infected humans to start the global pandemic is more likely to have come from horseshoe bats but it may have evolved in pangolins and other hosts, too.

-The SARS-CoV-2 that infected humans to start the global pandemic is more likely to have come from horseshoe bats but it may have evolved in pangolins and other hosts, too.

Which best describes the role of fossil fuels in the carbon cycle? -The formation of fossil fuels stores carbon underground (adding to reservoirs) and burning them releases that carbon back into the atmosphere (a source of carbon). -Some fossil fuel formation stores carbon deep underground while other fossil fuel formation releases carbon immediately into the atmosphere. -Fossil fuels are formed from dead inorganic matter and burning them produces heat that interacts with the carbon cycle to heat the planet.

-The formation of fossil fuels stores carbon underground (adding to reservoirs) and burning them releases that carbon back into the atmosphere (a source of carbon).

which of these provides an explanation for the seasons on earth? -The distance of the earth from the sun created days of differing length. -The topography of different regions of the planet varies. -The tilt of the earth on its axis along with its orbit around the sun.

-The tilt of the earth on its axis along with its orbit around the sun.

What is the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures? -There is an indirect relationship: as one rises, the other falls -There is a direct relationship: as one rises, so does the other -There is no relationship between these two

-There is a direct relationship: as one rises, so does the other

Which of these best summarizes the evidence that the climate of the planet is changing? -Weather events like tornados and hurricanes provide evidence that the climate of the planet is changing. -The increase in sea ice and snow coverage, as well as decreased sea levels provide evidence that the climate of our planet is changing. -There is evidence that the climate of our planet is changing in the form of increases in extreme weather events, rising temperatures over land, and decreased snow and ice coverage.

-There is evidence that the climate of our planet is changing in the form of increases in extreme weather events, rising temperatures over land, and decreased snow and ice coverage.

Select all of the values you require to describe the concept of a carbon footprint. -A value equivalent to the tonnes of carbon exchanged in the atmosphere by plants. -The molecular weight of carbon -Tonnes of carbon emissions directly releases into the atmosphere -Tonnes of carbon emissions indirectly released into the atmosphere

-Tonnes of carbon emissions directly releases into the atmosphere -Tonnes of carbon emissions indirectly released into the atmosphere

Which statement are true regarding viral infection of host cells? -Any virus can invade any host -A virus can be integrated into any host cell but may not be able to reproduce -Viruses are specific in the types of cells they infect -A virus is capable of invading only specific types of host cells.

-Viruses are specific in the types of cells they infect -A virus is capable of invading only a specific type of host cell.

Select reasons that viruses have not historically been classified as living things. -Viruses do not have genetic material -Viruses cannot process energy or material -Viruses need a host cell to reproduce. -Viruses do not change over time

-Viruses cannot process energy or material -Viruses need a host cell to reproduce.

Which of these statements explains the general process of how viruses reproduce? - Viruses use the machinery of their host cells to make copies of themselves. -A virus injects its genetic material into the host cell nucleus, where it replaces the host cell genetic material, usually killing the host cell in the process. -Viruses enter a host cell and then alternate between haploid and diploid forms that take up host cell organelles and copy the virus.

-Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.

If you were asked to summarize the general methods of prevention, detection, and treatment of COVID-19, which of these would you include? -Wash hands regularly with soap and water -Rest, hydrate, and wait for the virus to run its course -Vaccination -Practicing social distancing -Stay indoors -Taking rapid Tests - Transfusing blood to replace it with the blood of someone who has already had the virus.

-Washing hands regularly with soap and water -Rest, hydrate, and wait for the virus to run its course -Vaccination -Practicing social distancing -Taking rapid tests

Select all that apply. Temperatures on earth's surface and the lower atmosphere are affected most by the greenhouse effect because -Water vapor is usually found close to the surface -Carbon dioxide is usually found close to the surface -Nitrous oxides are found close to the surface -Methane is found close to the surface

-Water vapor is usually found close to the surface -Carbon dioxide is usually found close to the surface

How do fossil fuels move from the bottom of the oceans to the inland coal deposits humans harvest them out of? -In underground river -Only through a manmade pipeline -With the aid of tectonic plate shifting

-With the aid of tectonic plate shifting

Select the description of monoclonal antibodies... -antibodies extracted from lab animals that have been infected with COVID-19 -antibodies produced in a lab using blood from a previously infected patient; used to bolster the immune system for a short period -synthetically manufactured antibodies that are used to replace the antibodies in a person with a compromised immune system

-antibodies produced in a lab using blood from a previously infected patient; used to bolster the immune system for a short period

Which of these are ways that carbon dioxide is produced? -as a by-product of digestion -through the use of fossil fuels -through photosynthesis -in agricultural practices

-as a by-product of digestion -Through the use of fossil fuels -In agricultural practices

Select the two characteristics used to define climate. -High and low temperatures -Average temperatures -Average rainfall -Chance of rain

-average temperature -Average rainfall

Why does the greenhouse effect impact temperatures in the lower atmosphere and on Earth's surface the most? -Because every surface on earth absorbs solar energy -because water vapor and carbon dioxide are usually found in the lower atmosphere and close to the surface -because this is where the highest concentration of living things are

-because water vapor and carbon dioxide are usually found in the lower atmosphere and close to the surface

The process of photosynthesis can be summarized as a series of reactions during which a plant (or other photosynthetic organism) -captures water and carbon dioxide and produces sugars and oxygen. -captures carbon dioxide and oxygen to produce water and chlorophyll. -captures solar energy and produces carbon dioxide.

-captures water and carbon dioxide and produces sugars and oxygen.

Which chemical reaction written in words is a summary of photosynthesis? -carbon dioxide + sunlight → carbohydrate + oxygen + water -carbohydrate + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water -carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → carbohydrate + oxygen -carbon dioxide + ADP + P → ATP + carbohydrate

-carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → carbohydrate + oxygen

Which of these describes a way that new technologies may be used to lessen the impact of climate change? -carbon dioxide removal technologies seek to lower the current level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. -Carbon dioxide removal technologies seek to maintain the current level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. -Carbon dioxide removal technologies seek to find alternative ways to store the carbon dioxide that is currently in the atmosphere.

-carbon dioxide removal technologies seek to lower the current level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Select causes of desertification. -Widespread extinction events -Habitat loss -Cattle farming in grasslands -Decreased precipitation with increased temperatures

-cattle farming in grasslands -Decreased precipitation with increased temperatures

Select all of the following that identify the relationship between photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the carbon cycle. -cellular respiration is one of the natural processes that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis is one of the natural processes that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. -Cellular respiration is one of the natural processes that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis is one of the natural processes that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle.

-cellular respiration is one of the natural processes that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. -Photosynthesis is one of the natural processes that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle.

which of the following are consequences of heat waves and droughts? -increase in heat-related deaths -Higher numbers of stokes and heart attacks -Disruption to agriculture -The contraction of the range of mosquitoes

-increase in heat-related deaths -Disruption to agriculture

Select all of the choices that describe the biosphere and its place in the ecological levels of biological organization -regions of the planet where living organisms are found -Is primarily on land but also includes some aquatic ecosystems -Is less complex than an ecosystem -is more complex that an ecosystem -Includes water, land, and the atmosphere

-regions of the planter where living organisms are found -Is more complex than an ecosystem -Includes water, land, and the atmosphere

Drag each of its genetic materials to the group its describes. Categories: 1. A viral genome 2. Genome of a living thing -may use DNA or RNA -Only uses DNA -Relatively far more genes -Relatively fewer genes

1. A viral genome --> May use DNA or RNA --> Relatively fewer genes 2. Genome of a living thing --> Only uses DNA --> Relatively far more genes

What percentage of all disease in humans originated in animals other than humans? 20 80 40 60

60

Genetic analysis of coronavirus strains in pangolins, when compared to SARS-CoV-2, showed -96 similarity with SARS -90 similarity with SARS -99 similarity with SARS

90 similarity with SARS

What is a giant virus?

A new group of viruses that are much larger than typical viruses, some of which can produce their own proteins.

Viruses contain a structure called the capsid, which is -The remnant of the host cell plasma membrane -A protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the virus -A protein with a sugar molecule attached -the genetic material of the virus

A protein coat that surrounds the genetic materials of the virus.

The lytic cycle is best defined as...

A viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.

Which of these host cell structures is compatible with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, allowing for the identification of target epithelial cells? -SR-B2 Receptors -ACE-2 Receptors -HBGA receptors -Sialic acid receptors

ACE-2 Receptors

The term genome refers to -The study of human embryos from in-vitro fertilization prior to implantation. -The physical expression of a persons genotype -The likelihood of inheriting a specific genetic disorder. -All of an individual's genetic information

All of an individuals genetic information

During the inflammatory response, histamine... -Allows white blood cells and clotting factors to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased. -Prevents fluid from entering the site of the wound. Recruits other cytokines to the site of the injury.

Allows white blood cells and clotting factors to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased.

Tiny sacs in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs are called: Glycoproteins Alveoli Epithelium Bronchioles

Alveoli

Which of these is most closely associated with the asymptomatic phase of a covid 19 infection? Loss of taste and or smell Infected person is contagious An infected person is not contagious Incubation of a virus for about a week

An infected person is contagious Incubation for the virus for about a week

Which type of Covid-19 test would a person use if they wanted to look for previous presence of the virus? antibody testing Diagnostic testing Complete blood count (CBC) a liver panel (blood test)

Antibody testing

What is an antigen? -A molecule that attacks the immune system -Any substance that brings about an immune response -A substance that can hide from the immune system

Any substance that brings about an immune system

Which is the best description of whom SARS-CoV-2 can infect and to what degree? -Individuals who are obese, over 65, and suffer from other medical complications -Individuals who have organ failure, AIDS, or cancer, usually resulting in rapid decline. -Anyone, sometimes resulting in serve complications regardless of age and physical health.

Anyone, sometimes resulting in serve complications regardless of age and physical health.

Why haven't viruses historically been classified as living things?

Because they are unable to process energy or materials and require host cells to carry out many functions associated with living things.

select the commonly known hosts for coronaviruses. -Camels -Birds -Frogs -Bats -Sharks

Camels Birds Bats

An obligate intracellular pathogen... -Requires oxygen to grow -Cannot grow outside a host cells. -Can only be grown outside of a host cell in a specialized laboratory.

Cannot grow outside a host cell.

The protein coat surrounding the DNA or RNA of a virus is called its ... -Capsid -Envelope -Genetic Material -Glycoprotein

Capsid

Viruses target a host cell using its: -Viral Envelope -Capsid Protein -Genetic material

Capsid Proteins

Which greenhouse gas has increased as a result of fossil fuel use and deforestation by humans? Carbon dioxide Nitrous Oxide Chloroflucarbon Methan

Carbon dioxide

Which greenhouse gas in release into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned? -Carbon dioxide -Nitrogen -Argon

Carbon dioxide

the impact of releasing stored ______ from the burning of fossil fuels in an increase in _______ -Water; the rate of evaporation -Oxygen; atmospheric oxygen -carbon; atmospheric carbon

Carbon; atmospheric carbon

Which of these describes a way that new technologies may be used to lessen the impact of climate change? -Clean energy technology is aimed at reducing future contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. -Clean energy technology is aimed at keeping future contributions to greenhouse gas emissions at their current level. -Clean energy technology is aimed at preventing future contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.

Clean energy technology is aimed at preventing future contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.

Which of the following forms of genetic material can viruses have? DNA NAD RNA ATP

DNA RNA

Only some people are susceptible to serious complications from COVID-19, so people who exercise and eat well will not get sick? True False

False

What evidence is used to determine the most likely animal origin of SARS-CoV-2? -Animal phylogenic -Genetic Analysis -Outgrouping -Mapping open-air markets

Genetic analysis

The same of all the genes in an organism or species is commonly called its ____

Genome

A virus that is much larger than a typical virus and can produce its own belongs to which group?

Giant Virus

A general increase in average global temperatures, which have increased by more than 1.8 degrees Farenheit since the 1980s, is called ________

Global warming

Distinguish between global warming and climate change by by categorizing the description of each provided here. Categories: Global warming Climate change Descriptions: -Evidence include 1.8F increase in the earths surface temperature -Refers to a change in average temperatures and precipitation -Refers to a general increase in temperatures in the last few decades -Associated with extreme weather events like heat and coastal flooding -Associated with droughts and extreme precipitation -Primarily concerned with surface temperatures of the planet

Global warming: -Evidence includes 1.8 F increase in the earths surface temperatures -Primarily concerned with surface temperatures of the planet -Refers to a general increase in temperature in the last few decades Climate change: -Associated with extreme weather events like heat waves and coastal flooding -Associated with droughts and extreme precipitation -Refers to a change in average temperatures and precipitation

the consequences of climate change, caused by increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, are ________ and droughts in the western United States and south Florida.

Heat Wave

Where can obligate intracellular parasites live? -Inside a host cell -In water -Wherever there is sunlight available -Freely in the environment

Inside a host cell

A species that have been introduced out of its range, usually through humans actions, is called a(n) Invasive species Keystone species Native species Top predator

Invasive species

A species whose introduction to a new place has negative impacts on biodiversity, community structure, and the functioning ecosystem of the native area they invade is called a(n) _______ species.

Invasive species

During the carbon cycle, carbon naturally cycles between nonliving geologic and atmospheric reservoirs, called sinks, and ______. -Decaying organisms -Oceans -Living organisms -Fossil fuels

Living organisms

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release without integration are the stages of the ? - Lysogenic cycle -lytic cycle

Lytic cycle

What is meant by the term social distancing as it pertains to COVID-19? -Staying in small groups of familiar people, sometimes known as your "covid-19 bubble" and only meeting others outdoors -Keeping in contact only via social media until the COVID-19 pandemic is officially over -Maintain a minimum of 6 feet of distance from others and avoiding large groups of unvaccinated people, especially indoors.

Maintain a minimum of 6 feet of distance from others and avoiding large groups of unvaccinated people, especially indoors.

what is an antiviral medication? -A medication that targets viruses using live bacterial cultures -A medication that treats viruses by preventing them from building a cell wall -Medication that treats viruses by targeting specific aspects of their life cycle

Medication that treats viruses by targeting specific aspects of their life cycle

Which of these explains that memory of the adaptive immune response? -Memory cells function in the immune system to remember a previous exposure and make it more difficult for a second response to occur. -Memory cells function in the immune system to remember a previous expose and mount a faster repose to a second expose -Memory cells function in the immune system to remember a previous exposure and constrict blood vessels in a secondary response. -Memory cells function in the immune system to remember a previous exposure and prevent a second exposure.

Memory cells function in the immune system to remember a previous exposure and mount a faster repose to a second exposure.

The challenge is creating a 100% effective COVID-19 vaccine lies largely in the virus' ability to _____ quickly Reproduce Mutate Grow

Mutate

A change in the numcleotide sequence of a DNA molecule is called a bacteriophage Substitution Mutation Mutagen

Mutation

Which of these describes a diagnostic test for COVID-19? -A blood draw followed by analysis for the presence of antibodies against viral antigens specific to coronavirus. -Urinalysis paired with endoscopy of the upper respiratory system. -Nasal swab, followed by molecular analysis like PCR to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2.

Nasal swab, followed by molecular analysis like PCR to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2.

An emerging disease is one that is... Caused by a virus New Caused by a parasite introduced from another country

New

Select all of the alternative energy sources -fossil fuels -Nuclear power -Solar power -Coal -Wind Power

Nuclear Power Solar power Wind power

Drag each description to the viral structure is describes. 1.Nucleocapsid 2.Spike Protein --> Viral structure that is relatively more similar between forms of the virus --> Viral structure that can be highly different between forms --> Viral structure that changes relatively more quickly --> Viral structure that changes relatively more slowly

Nucleocapsid Proteins: --> viral structure that changes relatively more slowly --> Viral structure that is relatively more similar between forms of the virus. Spike Protein: --> Viral structure that changes relatively more quickly --> Viral structures that can be highly different between forms

Which of these are examples of fossil fuels? -salt, minerals, and charcoal -Dust, pollen, and volcanic ash -Oil, coal, and natural gas -Nitrogen, hydrogen, petroleum

Oil, coal, and natural gas

Match each definition to the appropriate term used to describe levels of disease movement and progression. Terms: Outbreak Epidemic Pandemic Def: -More people are infected than statistical expected and many populations are affected. -The number of infected individuals exceeds what was normal in previous years -The movement of a disease from one population to another

Outbreak-- The movement of a disease from one population to another Epidemic-- The number of infected individuals exceeds what was normal in previous years Pandemic-- More people are infected that statistically expected and many populations are affected.

Which level of disease movement and progression is described as movement into many populations? Pandemic Epidemic Outbreak

Pandemic

Which of these species was proposed as the origin of SARS-CoV-2? Pangolins Snakes Penguins Minks Horseshoe Crabs Armadillos Horseshoe bats House cats

Pangolins Snakes Minks Horseshoe Bats

There are currently sent types of coronaviruses, of which 229E, NL63, OC43, and KHU1 -Are known to cause SARS -Are known to cause MERS -Produce no symptoms at all -Produce relatively milder symptoms likened to the common cold

Produce relatively milder symptoms likened to the common cold

Select all of the following that are characteristics shared by all viruses. -Fiber proteins -An envelope -Protein capsid Spikes Genetic material

Protein Capsid Genetic Material

Which phase of a COVID-19 infection is associated with the most common symptoms of the infection? -asymptomatic phase -Hyperinflammation phase -Pulmonary phase

Pulmonary phase

What do cytotoxic T cells do? -Recognize targets by their antigens, bind to and directly destroy them. -Bind to target cells to inhabit replication of invading cells. -Engulf raged cells and produce defensins and oxidizing agents that destroy them. -Secrete antibodies used to destroy target cells.

Recognize targets by their antigens, bind to and directly destroy them.

Select the components of a typical COVID-19 vaccine? -S proteins mRNA -Stabilizers to preserve the vaccine's content -Additives to preserve the vaccines contents -Live viruses -Aluminum

S proteins mRNA -Stabilizers to preserve the vaccines content -Additives to preserve the vaccines content

Which of these types of coronavirus is known to be of more danger to humans than others? SARS-CoV MERS-CoV 2229E KHU1

SARS-CoV MERS-CoV

How would you summarize the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19? -COVID-19 is a virus that causes SARS, which is a form of coronavirus. This virus invades the human respiratory system primarily through contact with infected surfaces, usually when they have been sneezed or coughed on by infected individuals. -SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that causes a respiratory illness called COVID-19, when it invades the epithelial cells and impacts blood flow to the lungs, blood vessels, and other important structures. -SARS-CoV-2 causes the common cold, the flu, and COVID-19. The symptoms of these diseases are relatively common but the severity of infection can vary widely depending on the infected individual.

SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that causes a respiratory illness called COVID-19, when it invades the epithelial cells and impacts blood flow to the lungs, blood vessels, and other important structures.

Which of these explains the origins of SARS-CoV-2? -SARS-CoV-2 has always been present in humans but recently evolved to become virulent. -SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that originated in an animal host and evolved to be able to be transmitted to humans. -SARS-CoV-2 originated in a lab in China sometimes during the early 2000's.

SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that originated in an animal host and evolved to be able to be transmitted to humans.

In biology, all of the populations of organisms that are similar in appearance and are capable of interbreeding are referred to as a ______

Species

Categorize the following extreme weather events based on how much scientific evidence exists to support their correlation to climate change. Terms: Strong evidence Limited evidence Answered: Hurricanes Heat waves Tornadoes Coastal flooding Droughts Extreme precipitation

Strong evidence: Extreme precipitation Droughts Heat waves Coastal flooding Limited evidence: Hurricanes Tornadoes

the two characteristics used to define climate are ______ and precipitation

Temperature

From the following, select all that are carbon sinks. -The atmosphere -Underground fossil fuels -Cellular respiration -The planets oceans

The atmosphere Underground fossil fuels The planets oceans

Viruses that evolve in animal hosts have the potential to produce severe illness in humans because... -Genetic information, and thus proteins, are vastly different between most animals and human -The human immune system has never experienced the unique characteristics of these viruses. -These viral pathogens are composed of biomolecules that are unfamiliar to human immune cells.

The human immune system has never experiences the unique characteristics of these viruses.

In which viral life cycle is viral DNA replicated along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus? The lysogenic cycle The lytic cycle

The lysogenic

over time, fossil fuels make their way into land coal deposits because _______ pushes decayed organic matter upward out of the ocean. -volcanoes and earthquakes -Pressure from the earths core -The movement of the earths crust

The movement of the earths crust

Which structure associated with SARS-CoV-2 assists in attachment and entry of the virus into the host cell? -The nucleocapsid -The viral genome -The viral envelope

The viral envelope

Which of these makes it difficult to develop a universally effective COVID-19 vaccine? The viral genetic information is RNA, which is particularly difficult to influence with a vaccine -The virus has a high mutation rate -It is nearly impossible to isolate the virus in the laboratory

The virus has a high mutation rate

Viruses are specific in terms of the host cells they invade because... -There are very few host cells with available surface receptors -They have integrated host cells DNA into their viral envelope -Their capsid proteins are only structurally compatible with some host cell rectors.

Their capsid proteins are only structurally compatible with some host cell rectors.

In the context of the human immune system, identify a true statement that explains immune memory cells. -They defend against the original antigen when it attempts to reinfect a person -They are produced from dead antigens -They destroy the used antibodies in the body . -They are germs that ever the body as foreign invaders

They defend against the original antigen when it attempts to reinfect a person.

Drag each factor to the appropriate category to identify factors that are either increasing or decreasing to indicate climate change. Terms: -This is a factor that is increasing -This is a factor that is decreasing Descriptions: -temperatures over land -Sea Ice -Ocean heat content -Glaciers -Sea level -Extreme wetter events -Snow coverage

This is a factor that is increasing: -Temperatures over land -Ocean heat content -Sea Level -Extreme weather events This is a factor that is decreasing: -Sea Ice -Glaciers -Snow coverage

select the pros of using wind energy over more common forms of energy -this resource can be gathered nearly anywhere -This mechanisms used to harness this resource are entirely non-polluting -This resource Is relatively inexpensive

This resource can be gathered nearly anywhere -This mechanisms used to harness this resources are entirely non-polluting

Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is -commonly found in domesticated animals such as dogs and cats -often found in animals kept in captivity, e.g those in zoos -Transmitted from an animal host to humans

Transmitted from an animal host to humans

in biology, a _______ is something that moves an infectious agent from one organisms to another, like an insect. Vector Plasmid Parasite

Vector

Which of these statements is the best general explanation of how viruses reproduce? -Viruses alternate between haploid and diploid forms, one of which is larger than the other. -Viruses undergo double fertilization within a host cell. -Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves.

Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves.

Earth's biosphere is best described as -a limited amount of water and land where living organisms are found. -regions of the planet that have temperatures high enough to support life as well as available oxygen. -an immense area where living organisms are found that includes land and water and extends into the atmosphere.

an immense area where living organisms are found that includes land and water and extends into the atmosphere.

During the adaptive immune response, cytotoxic T cells -Inhibit procession of the immune response -Produce memory cells -Attack and kill other cells -Produce antibodies

attack and kill other cells.

Which of these organelles is most closely associated with the process of photosynthesis? -mitochondria -ribosomes -Vacuoles -Chloroplasts

chloroplasts

what are we referring to id we describe the patterns of rainfall and temperature in a given area over time? -Climate -Weather -Seasons -Earth's rotation

climate

which of these describes how climate change is impacting the community level of biology? -Climate change has promoted the success of invasive species, which ripples out into the native communities -Climate change has prevented the success of invasive species, protecting native communities -Climate change has no measurable effects on invasive species

climate change has promoted the success of invasive species, which ripples out into the native communities.

Select extreme weather events with strong evidence to support their relationship to climate change. Coastal flooding droughts tornadoes extreme precipitation Hurricanes heat waves

coastal flooding droughts extreme precipitation heat waves

When describing the structure of coronavirus, one can easily see where they get their name: from the ______ like arrangement of spikes emerging from the viral surface, for which the term "corona" was included.

crown like arrangement

There is a _______ relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperatures; as carbon dioxide levels rise, temperatures increase.

direct

The typical pattern of evolution, including the pace of extinction events, is -Slowed by the current rate of climate change. -Disrupted by the current rate of climate change -Unaffected by the current rate of climate change

disrupted by the current rate of climate change

Heat-related deaths and disruption of agricultural practices can be attributed to which of climate change? -Drought -Increase sea levels -Decreasing snow and ice coverage -Heat wave

drought heat wave

changes in temperatures are precipitation patterns results in heat waves and ______ particularly in the southern and western United States.

droughts

The term biome is used to describe similar types of -populations -ecosystems -individuals -species

ecosystems

climate change is occurring at such a rapid pace that it has disrupted the typical pattern of -winds -seasons -predation -Evolution

evolution

Transmission of a disease from animals to humans is a rare occurrence? True False

false

In the United States, more than 80% of our energy needs are met using renewable energy nuclear power fossil fuels

fossil fuels

The general increase in global temperatures since the 1980s is referred to as -global warming -Climate change -Carbon sequestering

global warming

a species is a -group of organisms that look alive -group of populations that are similar-looking that can interbreed -Population of three or more

group of populations that are similar-looking that can interbreed

A temporary storage location for heat energy is called a -heat source -Thermal vent -Heat sink -Thermolocation

heat sink

During the inflammatory, a chemical signal called ______ increases capillary permeability and causes fluid to be released in the area of the wound.

histamine

What is happening to the surface temperatures of the planet's oceans? it is increasing it is decreasing it fluctuates regularly around the same base temperature

it is increasing

The memory of the adaptive immune response... -Is prepared to defend the body against a pathogen because the immune system has encountered the pathogen before. -Only exists for B lymphocytes because T lymphocytes don't produce antibodies. -Produces all of the antibodies in its arsenal in hopes of eliminating an invader faster that it would if it had to produce specific antibodies based on the antigen.

it prepared to defend the body against a pathogen because the immune system has encountered the pathogen before.

The viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using a host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses is called the ____ cycle. -Lysogenic -lytic

lytic

The antiviral medications used to fight covid-19 are able to specially target the virus by targeting... -molecules on the surface of host cells to prevent attachment -The enzyme that interacts with the host membrane molecules to allow the escape from the host cell -The enzyme protease from turning viral polypeptides into functional proteins. -The enzyme that removes the genetic material from the viral capsid

molecules on the surface of host cells to prevent attachment --The enzyme that interacts with the host membrane molecules to allow the escape from the host cell -The enzyme that removes the genetic material from the viral capsid

select the fossil fuels oil chlorofluocarbons methane coal

oil methan coal

In general, an ecosystem includes -all organisms in an area -the nonliving factors that support life -Organisms and nonliving factors in their environment

organisms and nonliving factors in their environment

Which minor greenhouse gas is formed by the interaction between solar energy and pollution in the atmosphere? nitrous oxides Water vapor CFCs Ozone

ozone

Which of the following are classified as gases that can contribute to the greenhouse effect? Oxygen ozone water methan

ozone water methane

The planet Earth is tilted on its axis and orbits around the sun so that different parts of the planet are tilted toward the sun at different times of the year. This determines a phenomenon we call -hemispheres -Weather -Climate -Seasons

seasons

A temporary storage location for heat energy, such as the planet's oceans, is referred to as a heat ______

sink

Which of the following factors are decreasing to indicate climate change? heat waves snow coverage extreme precipitation glaciers sea ice

snow coverage glaciers sea ice

common sources of alternative energy includes: -nuclear power and natural gas -Natural gas and fossil fuels -Solar, wind, and geothermal power

solar, wind and geothermal power

A biological vector is -One of the consequences of climate change, causes by temperature increase -Something that moves an infectious agent from one organism to another -an organism used to predict the effects of climate change

something that moves an infectious agent from one organism to another.

A carbon sink is a reservoir for carbon, while living organisms are considered a carbon __________ because they release carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.

source

Match each step to a number to indicate the order of the process of the greenhouse effect. Categories: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Terms: -Solar energy is released as heat -Solar energy strike the earth -Some energy is trapped by gases in the atmosphere and some escape the planet -Solar energy is absorbed or reflect, depending where it hits

step 1 --> solar energy strikes the earth Step 2 --> solar energy is absorbed or reflected, depending on where it hits step 3--> solar energy is released as heat Step --> some energy is trapped by gases in the atmosphere and some escaped the planet

The sum of the regions of the Earth (water, surface, atmosphere) where living things are found is called -the atmosphere -The biosphere -The canopy -The ecosystem

the biosphere

Which of these ecological phenomena warms the planet, making the planet liveable, as gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy? climate change The green house effect global warming

the greenhouse effect

A fossil fuel is an energy source made from -Livening organisms using a method similar to the natural process of fossilization -The remains of organisms from long ago -Processed fossilized bones

the remains of organisms from long ago

One of the cons of using geothermal energy as an alternative energy source is that... -this resource is not available everywhere -Converting geothermal energy to electricity is expensive -It produces dangerous by product

this resource is not available everywhere

The warming temperatures associated with climate change allow for an expanded range for insects like mosquitos and ______ which serve as vectors for disease like malaria and Lyme's disease.

ticks

the two most important insects are ______ which carry Lyme disease and mosquitoes

ticks

Climate change has the potential to increase human exposure to certain diseases, such as those carried by ticks and mosquitoes. Such diseases are known as _______ diseases. This is because warming temperatures allow for an expanded range for these insects. -Pandemic -Retroviral -Invasive -Vector-borne

vector-borne

Consider a virus that targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, such as influenza or SARS-CoV-2. The epithelial cells are identified by the virus because -the host cell sends out chemical signals that bind to the virus. -specific enzymes in the viral envelope break down only the membranes of epithelial cells. -viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.

viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.

Select all of the ways that carbon dioxide is produced. volcanos deforestation burning coal fires habitat conservation

volcanos deforestation burning coal fires

Which of the following are involved in the process of forming fossil fuels. Select all that apply. -Water -Dead organic matter -Inorganic matter -Pressure -Tectonic Shift -Heat -Time

water dead organic matter pressure heat time

match the minor greenhouse gas to its source: Terms--> water vapor nitrous oxides ozone chlorofluorocarbons Descriptions: -Natural process advocated with the hydrological cycle -Compounds used in refrigerants and to make spray propellants -natural processes and the interaction of solar energy with pollutants in the lower atmosphere -Agricultural practices like fertilizer use and burn fossil fuels

water vapor: natural processes associated with the hydrological cycle Nitrous oxide: agricultural practices like fertilizer use and burning fossil fuels Ozone: natural processes and the interaction of solar energy with pollutants in the lower atmosphere Chlorofluorocarbons: compounds used in refrigerants and to make spray propellants

select the examples of invasive species disrupting community and ecosystem function. -Mosquitoes are now found farther north in the United States -Zebra mussels have driven native mussels species near to extinction -Gypsy moths outcompete native species -Rats carry disease and kill native birds

zebra mussels have driven native mussels species near to extinction -Gypsy moths outcompete native species -Rats carry disease and kill native birds

A disease that is transmitted from an animal host to humans is called a ____ disease emerging exotic zoonotic

zoonotic

Match each description to the appropriate type of coronavirus... Types: 1. 229E 2. SARS-CoV 3. MERS-CoV Description: 1. The cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2. Known to produce symptoms similar to the common cold 3. The cause of middle eastern respiratory syndrome

229E--> Known to produce symptoms similar to the common cold SARS-CoV--> The cause of Severe acute respiratory syndrome MERS-CoV--> The cause of middle eastern respiratory syndrome

Click and drag on elements in order: Arrange these food choices from the lowest carbon emissions to the highest carbon emissions starting with the highest at the top: -Locally grow produce -Produce (fruits and veggies) -Beef -Chicken

1. beef 2.chicken 3.produce (fruit and veggies) 4. Locally grown produce

In terms of an individual, a measure of their impact on the climate, calculated based on the amount of carbon emitted because of their choices for energy, food, transportation, and other factors, is called a ___________________

carbon footprint

Helper T cells are lymphocytes evolved in -Antibody-mediated immunity that recognize both classes of MHC marker -Cell-medicated immunity that recognize antigen + MHC 1 markers -Cell-mediated immunity that recognize antigen + MHC 2 markers.

cell mediated immunity that recognize antigens + MHC 2 markers.