Chapter 3
Marginal Man
Stonequist's concept of how one feels when one is caught between two worlds
Delay of Gratification
The ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately
Human Activity
The distinction among being, being and in becoming, and doing. "Being" refers to an individual's being accepted just as he/she is. "Being and in becoming" refers to an individual's evolving into something different and presumably better. "Doing" refers to an individual's being valued for the activity in which he or she is engaged
Social Relations
The distinction among lineal, collateral, and individualistic. "Lineal orientation" is a respect for the hierarchy within one's family. "Collateral orientation" is essentially the same as collectivism. "Individualistic orientation" is the same as individualism
Locus of Control
The focus of control over outcomes of one's life, be it internal or external control
Locus of Responsibility
The focus of responsibility for one's position in life, be it internal feelings of responsibility, or external, societal responsibility
Guilt
A prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior
Worldview
A psychological perception of the world that determines how we think, behave, and feel
Collectivism
A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual
Individualism
A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member
Masculine-Feminine Dimension
A continuum of authority from hierarchical (masculine) to egalitarian (feminine)
Shame
A prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing
Etic Perspective
An attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures; examines cultures from the outside to build theories that develop universal aspects of human behavior
Emic Perspective
An attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture; examines only one culture from within that culture
Time Focus
An orientation that values a particular time perspective. Some cultures value the past, some value the present, an some value the future. Although all cultures value all three, some cultures value one of these perspectives more than do other cultures
Allocentrism
Collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrism refers to an individual
Idiocentrism
Individualist tendencies that reside within an individual; Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrism refers to an individual
Face Giving/Giving Face
Extolling the virtues of another person in public; it would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself
ALANA
Helm's acronym for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans
VREG
Helm's acronym for members of visible racial/ethnic groups
People/Nature Relationship
How people relate to nature, be it subjugated to nature, in harmony with nature, or mastery over nature
Countercultural Individuals
Idiocentric individuals residing in a collectivistic culture, or allocentric individuals residing in an individualistic culture
Losing Face/Saving Face
Loss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior; face saving involves being able to protect one's public persona
Imposed Etics
The imposition of one's culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal