Bio Exam #3 Clack
Read the following scenario to answer the following question. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive.Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?
carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism
Which are products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
During ______________, the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.
cellular respiration
The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.
centromere
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
citric acid cycle
During translation, what is the CORRECT order of events that occur as an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide chain?
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
cytokinesis
Translation occurs in the _____.
cytoplasm
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
After replication
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
Genes provide the information needed to produce _____ in the cell.
enzymes
In which organisms do cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur?
Cellular respiration occurs in both producers and consumers.
What happens during interphase?
Chromosome duplication occurs.
In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community? Select all that apply?
Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus. Genes are located on chromosomes.
During metaphase, ________.
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____.
DNA
Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
DNA
Chromatin consists of ________.
DNA and protein
replication
DNA copies itself via the process of ____.
Early, flawed DNA models proposed by Watson and Crick and by Linus Pauling correctly described which property of DNA?
DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates, and bases.
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.
Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?
DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is
DNA ligase.
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?
DNA polymerases
DNA is considered to be the molecule of life. Which two functions make DNA uniquely suited to this role?
DNA produces more of itself; DNA directs the production of proteins.
DNA carries out two basic functions in cells: (1) information storage and transfer (genes can be copied and passed to offspring) and (2) the "blueprint" function (genes provide instructions for building proteins). The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is _____.
DNA replication
The first step of bacterial replication is _____.
DNA replication
What did the structure of DNA's double helix suggest about DNA's properties? Select all that apply.
DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases. DNA can be replicated by making complimentary copies of each strand. DNA can change. Errors in copying can result in changes in the DNA sequence that could be inherited by future generations.
The central dogma describes how the genes in the nucleus work to produce an organism's phenotype. Another way of putting it is that the central dogma follows the flow of information from _____.
DNA to protein
Nucleoli are present during _____.
Interphase
In the early 1950s, many researchers were racing to describe the structure of DNA using different approaches. Which of the following statements is true?
Jim Watson and Francis Crick built theoretical models, incorporating current knowledge about chemical bonding and X-ray data.
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______.
NAD+
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
RNA
One way that ____ is different from DAN is that it contains Us instead of Ts.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
Prophase
translation
Proteins are produced from RNA via the process of ____.
Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines are single-ring structures.
transcription
RNA is produced from DNA via the process of ____.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?
RNA polymerase
The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand
Translation converts the information stored in ________ to ________.
RNA... a polypeptide
Which activity will help prevent cancer and increase survival?
Seek early detection of tumors.
Which event occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?
T
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
________ is a stage of mitosis.
Telophase
Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats. Which of the following statements about lipase are true? Select all that apply.
The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication; a specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme.
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
The chromosomes must be duplicated.
Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
What happens during prophase?
The mitotic spindle begins to form.
Which events occur during prophase?
The nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers.
base
There are five examples of a ____: A, G, C, T, and U.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG. What is the sequence of the opposite strand?
CGTCATC
Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar
The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____.
CUG
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
The RNA segments spliced to one another during RNA processing are _____.
exons
The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________.
exons
RNA processing involves the addition of ________ to the ends of the RNA transcript.
extra nucleotides
Cytokinesis _____.
finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells
ATP synthase plays a role in ______.
generating ATP
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?
glucose
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Plant cells ________.
have mitochondria and chloroplasts
The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
helicase
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:
her egg cells
An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n)
heterotroph
What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?
hydrogen
Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing _____.
telophase
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
template
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain
What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?
the amount of DNA present whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not whether the DNA is linear or circular all of the above are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
Glycolysis results in ________.
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
During telophase, ________.
the events of prophase are reversed
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.
the sun
You have grown Neurospora under a variety of conditions listed below. You are trying to find a wild-type variety. Neurospora growing on which of these media could possibly be of the wild type?
the wild-type Neurospora could grow in any of these conditions
How do mutations affect an organism?
they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect all of the above
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
three
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.
three ... two
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
thymine
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
thymine ... cytosine
Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that ________.
thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ________ and guanine pairs with ________.
thymine... cytosine
DNA contains the nitrogenous base ________ instead of ________, which is found only in RNA.
thymine; uracil
In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____.
tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells growth and development
tRNA molecules work to _____.
translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
The cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as ________.
two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.
two chromosomes and four chromatids
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
water and carbon dioxide
Which of the following events occurs during transcription?
A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
__________ is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.
ATP
Read the following scenario to answer the following question. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.
ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product
Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?
Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.
Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
What are the chemical components of a DNA molecule? Select all that apply.
sugars nitrogenous bases phosphate groups
Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.
telophase
Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis.
telophase
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________.
oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
1' ... 5'
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2 NADH
How many amino acids are common to all living systems?
20
A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long?
300
Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins.
35^S
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
5' to 3'
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.
5' —> 3'
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?
GTTACG CAAUGC
Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ________.
X-ray crystallography studies
DNA
____ serves as the molecular basis for life
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
a G paired with a T
What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?
a cap and tail
The backbone of DNA consists of ________.
a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern
Plants require specific inputs to carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which of the following statements accurately reflect(s) what plants must take in?
a. Plants take in both carbon dioxide and oxygen. b. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air.
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ________.
all life shares a common ancestry
Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration? Select all that apply. a shark a mushroom a sunflower a honeybee a palm tree
all of them
Peptide bonds form between
amino acids
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.
anaphase
An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)
autotroph
A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.
benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do
Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ________ of years ago.
billions
Bacteria divide by:
binary fission
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
The CORRECT sequence of events that occurs during transcription is ________.
initiation, elongation, termination
A promising new type of cancer treatment, immunotherapy, may involve all but one of these treatments. Choose the EXCEPTION.
injecting molecules harvested from other cured cancer patients into the patient with cancer
Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.
insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles
During _____, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus.
interphase
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
ligase
Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
A particular gene does NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell. This is true for two reasons. First, _____ can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. Second, genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of _____.
mRNA processing ... gene regulation
Transcription is the ________.
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA
The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ________ RNA.
messenger
Electron transport takes place in the ______.
mitochondria
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
What is the ultimate source of all diversity?
mutation
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ________ monomers.
nucleotide
Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the ________.
nucleus
How many enzymes are typically produced from a single gene?
one
What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?
one
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?
phenotype
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
photosynthesis
During ____________, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.
photosynthesis
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.
produce ATP without O2
Photosynthetic organisms are ________.
producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.
produces ATP
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.
prometaphase
The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ________.
promoter
Chromosomes become visible during _____.
prophase
The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A product of glycolysis is ______.
pyruvic acid
The action of helicase creates _____.
replication forks and replication bubbles
DNA replication ________.
requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins
A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ________.
result in a shortened polypeptide chain
What cellular structure facilitates the process of translation?
ribosomes
The site of translation is
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.
sister chromatids
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.
small
Plants use photosynthesis to ________.
store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules