Bio Exam #3 Clack

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive.Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?

carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism

Which are products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

During ______________, the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.

cellular respiration

The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.

centromere

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?

citric acid cycle

During translation, what is the CORRECT order of events that occur as an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide chain?

codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

cytokinesis

Translation occurs in the _____.

cytoplasm

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

After replication

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

Genes provide the information needed to produce _____ in the cell.

enzymes

In which organisms do cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur?

Cellular respiration occurs in both producers and consumers.

What happens during interphase?

Chromosome duplication occurs.

In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community? Select all that apply?

Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus. Genes are located on chromosomes.

During metaphase, ________.

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____.

DNA

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?

DNA

Chromatin consists of ________.

DNA and protein

replication

DNA copies itself via the process of ____.

Early, flawed DNA models proposed by Watson and Crick and by Linus Pauling correctly described which property of DNA?

DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates, and bases.

Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?

DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is

DNA ligase.

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?

DNA polymerases

DNA is considered to be the molecule of life. Which two functions make DNA uniquely suited to this role?

DNA produces more of itself; DNA directs the production of proteins.

DNA carries out two basic functions in cells: (1) information storage and transfer (genes can be copied and passed to offspring) and (2) the "blueprint" function (genes provide instructions for building proteins). The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is _____.

DNA replication

The first step of bacterial replication is _____.

DNA replication

What did the structure of DNA's double helix suggest about DNA's properties? Select all that apply.

DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases. DNA can be replicated by making complimentary copies of each strand. DNA can change. Errors in copying can result in changes in the DNA sequence that could be inherited by future generations.

The central dogma describes how the genes in the nucleus work to produce an organism's phenotype. Another way of putting it is that the central dogma follows the flow of information from _____.

DNA to protein

Nucleoli are present during _____.

Interphase

In the early 1950s, many researchers were racing to describe the structure of DNA using different approaches. Which of the following statements is true?

Jim Watson and Francis Crick built theoretical models, incorporating current knowledge about chemical bonding and X-ray data.

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______.

NAD+

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

RNA

One way that ____ is different from DAN is that it contains Us instead of Ts.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Prophase

translation

Proteins are produced from RNA via the process of ____.

Pyrimidines

Pyrimidines are single-ring structures.

transcription

RNA is produced from DNA via the process of ____.

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

RNA polymerase

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

Translation converts the information stored in ________ to ________.

RNA... a polypeptide

Which activity will help prevent cancer and increase survival?

Seek early detection of tumors.

Which event occurs during anaphase?

Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?

T

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

________ is a stage of mitosis.

Telophase

Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats. Which of the following statements about lipase are true? Select all that apply.

The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication; a specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme.

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

What happens during prophase?

The mitotic spindle begins to form.

Which events occur during prophase?

The nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers.

base

There are five examples of a ____: A, G, C, T, and U.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG. What is the sequence of the opposite strand?

CGTCATC

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar

The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____.

CUG

Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

ethyl alcohol

The RNA segments spliced to one another during RNA processing are _____.

exons

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________.

exons

RNA processing involves the addition of ________ to the ends of the RNA transcript.

extra nucleotides

Cytokinesis _____.

finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells

ATP synthase plays a role in ______.

generating ATP

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose ... enzymes

Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?

glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Plant cells ________.

have mitochondria and chloroplasts

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

helicase

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

her egg cells

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n)

heterotroph

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

hydrogen

Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing _____.

telophase

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

template

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain

What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?

the amount of DNA present whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not whether the DNA is linear or circular all of the above are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Glycolysis results in ________.

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

During telophase, ________.

the events of prophase are reversed

In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.

the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.

the sun

You have grown Neurospora under a variety of conditions listed below. You are trying to find a wild-type variety. Neurospora growing on which of these media could possibly be of the wild type?

the wild-type Neurospora could grow in any of these conditions

How do mutations affect an organism?

they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect all of the above

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.

three ... two

Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?

thymine

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

thymine ... cytosine

Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that ________.

thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ________ and guanine pairs with ________.

thymine... cytosine

DNA contains the nitrogenous base ________ instead of ________, which is found only in RNA.

thymine; uracil

In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____.

tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells growth and development

tRNA molecules work to _____.

translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

The cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as ________.

two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.

two chromosomes and four chromatids

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.

water and carbon dioxide

Which of the following events occurs during transcription?

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

__________ is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.

ATP

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?

Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

What are the chemical components of a DNA molecule? Select all that apply.

sugars nitrogenous bases phosphate groups

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.

telophase

Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis.

telophase

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

oxygen

When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________.

oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.

1' ... 5'

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

10

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2 NADH

How many amino acids are common to all living systems?

20

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long?

300

Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins.

35^S

Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.

5' to 3'

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.

5' —> 3'

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?

GTTACG CAAUGC

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ________.

X-ray crystallography studies

DNA

____ serves as the molecular basis for life

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

a G paired with a T

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?

a cap and tail

The backbone of DNA consists of ________.

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

Plants require specific inputs to carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which of the following statements accurately reflect(s) what plants must take in?

a. Plants take in both carbon dioxide and oxygen. b. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air.

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ________.

all life shares a common ancestry

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration? Select all that apply. a shark a mushroom a sunflower a honeybee a palm tree

all of them

Peptide bonds form between

amino acids

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.

anaphase

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)

autotroph

A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.

benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ________ of years ago.

billions

Bacteria divide by:

binary fission

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

The CORRECT sequence of events that occurs during transcription is ________.

initiation, elongation, termination

A promising new type of cancer treatment, immunotherapy, may involve all but one of these treatments. Choose the EXCEPTION.

injecting molecules harvested from other cured cancer patients into the patient with cancer

Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.

insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

During _____, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus.

interphase

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

lactate and NAD+

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.

ligase

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

A particular gene does NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell. This is true for two reasons. First, _____ can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. Second, genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of _____.

mRNA processing ... gene regulation

Transcription is the ________.

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ________ RNA.

messenger

Electron transport takes place in the ______.

mitochondria

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

What is the ultimate source of all diversity?

mutation

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ________ monomers.

nucleotide

Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the ________.

nucleus

How many enzymes are typically produced from a single gene?

one

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

one

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?

phenotype

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

photosynthesis

During ____________, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.

photosynthesis

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.

produce ATP without O2

Photosynthetic organisms are ________.

producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.

produces ATP

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.

prometaphase

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ________.

promoter

Chromosomes become visible during _____.

prophase

The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A product of glycolysis is ______.

pyruvic acid

The action of helicase creates _____.

replication forks and replication bubbles

DNA replication ________.

requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ________.

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

What cellular structure facilitates the process of translation?

ribosomes

The site of translation is

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.

sister chromatids

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

small

Plants use photosynthesis to ________.

store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules