Bio exam 4

Cell cycle pic 2

**Text for both pics. Broken down into a series of stages. One of the differences from Mitosis is that each of the stage names is followed by a number. There are 2 separate division that make up meiosis and the numbers correspond to what division you're in.

Gamete formation rules (3)

- Allele can be present in a gamete only if that individual has that allele - For every pair of alleles an individual gamete only gets one - Different pairs of alleles assort independently from one another

Gamete formation rules (2)

- An allele can be present in a gamete only if that individual has that allele (duh) - For every pair of alleles, an individual gamete only gets one

G2 checkpoint (3 things)

- Cyclin - CDK - Maturation promoting factor (MPF)

Linked gene gamete pic

- Imagine we have our individual who his heterozygous for both a and b. He wrote the thing at the top a bit differently to indicate that these are linked. Our textbook writes it in the notation at the top right - We have our original cell at top middle and we have these linked where the dominant A allele is on the same chromosome as the dominant B allele and the recessive a and the recessive b. In the first division of meiosis, those replicated chromosomes are going to separate and we're going to end up with the replicated chromosomes at the bottom.

Maturation promoting factor; levels of cyclin

- In G1- have 0 to low levels of cyclin - S- have 0-low levels of cyclin - In G2 cyclin increases and starts binding with the CDK (which is always present) and we. get MPF - In cytokenisis we destroy all the cyclin

What is mitosis

- Type of cell division that produces identical daughter cells (identical nuclei) - Identical to the parental cell

Homologous chromosomes find each other and pair up in what's known as synapsis; This results in what's known as a - The places where they're touching each other is known as _________ - Because of the fact that they're touching, we can have "crossing over" which means _________

- tetrad formation (tetrad b/c there's 4 chromatids) - chiasmata - that one part of one chromosome switch places with the same part of the other member of that pair

Linked genes gamete formation - Alleles for different genes that are located on the same chromosome will move _______ during ______ - They do/do not assort independantly

- together during meiosis - Do not - This is different from normal; Normally during miosis, alleles or different genes assort independently from one another

Given that a child of this individual inherits the nose5 allele, what is the chance that they will also inherit the throat8 allele from the same parent? 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

0. You only get one allele from a. pair so 1 chromosome from a pair of chromosome.

An individual with the genotype A/A can produce _____ type/s of gametes with respect to the "A" gene. 0 1 2 3 4

1

Chromosome structure: - How man molecules of DNA make up an unreplictaed chromosome? - How many make up a replicated chromosome?

1 molecule of DNA 2 molecules of DNA

If you have a penny and one die and you throw them on the floor, what is the probablity of the coin landing heads up and the die landing with the "1" up? Use product law to solve this problem 1/2 1/4 1/6 1/8 1/10 1/12 1/24 I don't know how to start

1/12. Penny =2 sides. Chance of heads is ½. 6-sided die, chance of it coming to 1 is 1/6. 1/6 times ½ = 1/12.

If the couple has four sons, what is the probability that all four will be born with hemophilia? Express your answer as a fraction (for example, 1/24), or as a whole number.

1/16

In a cross with these parents R/r:Y/y:A/a X R/r:Y/y:A/A what is the probablity of an offspring having the genotype R/r:Y/Y:A/A 1/4 1/8 3/8 1/8 1/16 3/16 1

1/16. Break them up into 3 different crosses R/r x R/r which gives you 2 R/r and 1 R/r and 1 R/R. We use the heterozygous so ½ Y/y x Y/y produces 2 Y/y so ½ A/a x A/A produces ½. ½ x 3 = 1/16

What is the probability that a son will be a hemophiliac? Express your answer as a fraction (for example, 1/24), or as a whole number.

1/2

What is the probability that their first son will be color-blind? Express your answer as a fraction using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/24).

1/2

The probability of rolling the number 2 with a pair of dice is 1/2 1/12 1/16 1/36 1/64

1/36

In the cross D/d F/f X D/d F/f what is the expected proportion of offspring with the genotype d/d F/f 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/24 1/32

1/8

Given that a child of this individual inherits the eye1 allele, what is the chance that they will also inherit the ear3 allele from the same parent? 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

100%. Thee genes are linked together on the same chromosome so if you get the eye1 allele you'll get ear3.

A cell containing 36 chromosomes during Interphase would produce, via meiosis, daughter cells containing chromosomes. 12 18 24 36 72

18

In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual? 3 AB : 1 ab 1 AB : 1 aB 3 AA : 1 BB 1 A : 1 B 3 A : 1 B

2nd; This is the correct ratio of gametes.

In crossing a homozygous recessive individual with a heterozygous individual, what is the chance of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

50%

A man with normal blood marries woman who has normal blood, but is a carrier for hemophilia. What percentage of the sons would be expected to have hemophilia? This gene is located on the X chromosome

50. **Pic only look at the Y column. 1st one is normal one isnt so ½ os 50 **Only a female can have a normals phenotype and be normal at the same time fro x linked recessive. B/c she has 2

Given that a child of this individual inherits the eye1 allele, what is the chance that they will also inherit the throat7 allele from the same parent?

50. When genes are linked on same chromosome you get probabilities of wither 0,100 percent but if on diff chromosomes you get probabilities closer to 50%.

What are the genotypes of the parents in the second cross (the cross that produced 7 black and 5 albino offspring)? BB x BB BB x Bb BB x bb Bb x Bb Bb x bb bb x bb

5th

The haploid number of chromosomes for hedgehogs is 44. What is the diploid number?

88

A woman (IA/i) and a man (IB/i) can have children with the following blood type/s A B AB O A and B A, B, and AB A, B, AB, and O

A, B,, AB and O

A woman (IA/IA) and a man (IB/IB) can have children with the following blood type/s A B AB O A and B A, B, and O

AB

cytokinesis pic

After the end of telophase, we get cytokinesis. When it is completed, and the middle is now pinched into 2 cells, each daughter cell has 4 chromosomes, they would be unreplicated, and each cell has 4 molecules of DNA in it. Daughter cells are identical

Assuming incomplete dominance, in a cross between a Red Snapdragon and a White Snapdragon what are the expected offspring: Cr/Cr X Cw/Cw All Red All Pink All White 1/2 Red and 1/2 White 1/4 Red, 1/2 Pink and 1/4 White

All pink

In a cross between a true breeding red flowered rose and a true breeding white flowered rose what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Assume red flowered is completely dominant. all pink flowered all white flowered 3 red to 1 white flowered all red flowered 1 red to 1 white flowered

All red flowered

A cell in G1 of interphase will have ______________ chromosomes, and a cell in G2 will have _______________ chromosomes. unreplicated, unreplicated unreplicated, replicated replicated, unreplicated replicated, replicated

B

Which of these cells are haploid B and C D B A and D C and D

C and D; Once meiosis I is completed, cells are haploid.

What is it called in animal and plant cells

Called cleavage in animal cells or cell plate formation if you're in a plant cell.

Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs through the formation of a: Centriole Cell Plate Chromatid Cleavage Furrow Centromere

Cell plate

Homologous chromosomes: (4)

Chromosomes are same length Same centromere position Same banding pattern Same genes

A cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes would be: Haploid Diploid Triploid Tetraploid Pentploid

Diploid

________= 2 sets 2n ________= 3 sets 3 n ______= 4 sets 4n

Diploid triploid tetraploid

Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true? - This cell is diploid. - This cell is haploid. - It is impossible to tell whether the cell is haploid or diploid.

Diploid; This cell contains two copies of each chromosome, one from the male parent and the other from the female parent, making it diploid.

cell signaling:

Direct contact Local signaling;

This chromosome has two chromatids, joined at the centromere. What process led to the formation of the two chromatids? - The two chromatids were formed by synapsis and the formation of a synaptonemal complex. - The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome. - The two chromatids were formed by fertilization, bringing together maternal and paternal chromatids.

Duplication; Read about formation of chromatids.

A cell in G1 of the cell cycle contains a total of 6 chromosomes in 3 homologous pairs. It undergoes Meiosis, after Cytokinesis II each cell would contain? 3 chromosomes with no pairs 3 chromosomes with 3 pairs 6 chromosomes with no pairs 6 chromosomes with 3 pairs

First

reception pic

Here is the basic model for this. We have our signal molecule which binds to the receptor (on the extracellular surface) and so we have reception

homozygous dominant pic

Here's an individual who's homozygous dominant (A/A). So if we look at the cell there is a chromosome in there and it and it contains the A gene, lets say its located right here (line at top), this is the locust. This individual has the big A form of that allele and they have that on both of the chromosomes. If we go into the first division of meiosis and the members of that pair are separated, each of the daughter cells get one member of that pair. Each would still contain A big A allele(second row). As we go into the second division of meiosis, those replicated chromosomes are then separated so we end up with an individual who has the genotype A/A but can only produce gametes that only have one big A. We have seperated the members of the pair. The final gamete will only get one member of the pair. This individual only has big A alleles. That's all they can put in their gamete (3rd row).

- What does the fact that these are proteins tell us ab the specificity of the receptors?

If proteins are involved it will be highly selective. Receptors will bind only one signal molecule.

Homozygous recessive pic

If we look at an individual who is homozygous recessive they are a/a. They only have little a alleles. If we step through meiosis in the first division we separate that pair of chromosomes (second row) and in the second division we separate those replicated chromosomes (3rd row). Again, this individual can only produce a gamete with a little a allele.

Cleavage pic

In cleavage we pinch the cell in two so there's a contraction in the center of the cell. In animal cells we build the cell plate from the center moving out

meiosis cytokinesis 1

In cytokinesis. Thinking ab each cell separately, we have 2 replicated chromosomes, 0 pairs, and 4 molecules of DNA. Note that the two chromosomes in each cell do not make a homologous pair, they are very different.

Everything from the beginning of G1 to the end of G2 is known as what?

Interphase

Cell reproduction (or cell division): 2 step process known as _____ Karyokinesis comes in 2 forms: mitosis and meiosis known as cytokinesis Mitosis Type of cell division that produces identical daughter cells (identical nuclei) Identical to the parental cell

Karyokinesis Division of the nucleus. Division of the cytoplasm **these two do not have to occur together

Telophase pic

Last stage is telophase. The chromosomes have moved to the poles of the spindle and they're bunched into 2 groups. Still have 8 unreplicated chromosomes

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. two... identical to the other four ... haploid two... diploid four ... diploid two ... haploid

Last; At the end of meiosis I there are two haploid cells.

Gene regulation;

Lead to the regulation of some enzyme, turnign it on or of

Replicated chromosomes can be found during which of the following stages of the cell cycle? Cytokinesis G1 Metaphase Telopha

Metaphase

Beginning with a diploid cell homologous pairs of chromosomes can be found in a cell at the end of which of the following stages of meiosis - Metaphase I - Cytokinesis I - Prophase II - Cytokinesis II - More than one of the above stages

Metaphase 1

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell. telophase I and cytokinesis prophase I metaphase I anaphase I metaphase II

Metaphase II; is essentially the same as mitotic metaphase except that the cell is haploid.

Prophase pic

Mitosis is broken up into many different stages. The first is prophase. In it, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindle apparatus forms, and the chromosomes condense and are attached to the spindle. Ans so the outer line represents the cell membrane. The lines going through the circle are the spindle apparatuses and there are the chromosomes attached to the spindle. All the chromosomes are replicated and if we were counting, we would have 4 replicated chromosomes and 8 molecules of DNA.

Signal reception

Most of the receptors are proteins bound in the plasma membrane

Meiosis prophase II

Now we go into prophase 2 of meiosis. Thinking ab each cell separately, they contain 2 chromosomes, 0 pairs, and 4 molecules of DNA.

A cell in G2 of interphase will have how many chromosomes compared to that same cell when it was in G1 of interphase? - Half as many - An equal number - Twice as many

Same number **How much DNA? twice

Two important events in meiosis (figure 13.8, 13.10)

Segregation Independent assortment

Two important events in meiosis:

Segregation Independent assortment

Why only half the number of chromosomes? - sexual reproduction - to prevent mutation - required for DNA replication

Sexual reproduction. You need half the genetic material from you and half from someone else, so you need to cut the chromosome number in half to start with

Product law:

The chance that independent events will occur simultaneously is equal to the product of the chances that they will occur separately

What happens in metaphase?

The chromosomes have all moved o the center of the cell and they're lined up in what's known as the metaphase plate.

Homozygous;

The condition in which both alleles for a gene are the same (a/a A/A)

During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. G2 the mitotic phase G1 S mitosis

The mitotic phase; The mitotic phase encompasses both mitosis and cytokinesis.

metaphase pic

The next stage after that is metaphase. In metaphase the chromosomes have all moved o the center of the cell and they're lined up in what's known as the metaphase plate. If we look at this we still have 4 replicated chromosomes and we still have 8 molecules of DNA.

Independent assortment:

The pairs of chromosomes assort independantly from one another

Independent assortment ;

The pairs of chromosomes assort independently from one another

Phenotype;

The physical expression of alleles (purple flowers, brown eyes)

A cell in Anaphase of mitosis will have how many chromosomes and how much DNA compared to that same cell when it was in G1 of interphase? - Same number, same amount - Same number, twice as much - Twice as many, same amount - Twice as many, twice as much

Twice as many twice as much

homologous chromosomes pic

We see that these two chromosome number 2's are the same length, their centromeres are in the same position and they have the same banding pattern. They would also contain the same genes. Chromosome 2 and chromosome 1 are not homologous When you think of homologous, think of matching socks.

Anaphase pic

We then have anaphase. During anaphase, the replicated chromosomes separate and pull apart. Now each chromosome is unreplicated and we now have 8 unreplicated chromosomes.

Does it matter which chromosomes are in each daughter cell? Yes No Some what

Yes. If we took random chromosomes we could end up with daughter cells with all small chromosomes and no big chromosomes. We need one of each Meiosis only works with even sets of chromosomes. Can't do it with a triploid

Multiple allele pic

You have an A, B and O allele. O is lowercase so its recessive and individuals with an A allele produce and A carbohydrate on their cells, people with B produce B, and people with O don't produce anything. Look at genotypes.

Cyclin-

a protein whose concentration varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle you're in.

Polygenic inheritance - Has to do with the _________ - Results in _______ See this in things like _______

additive effects of multiple genes continuous variation height, eye color, hair color. There are continuous variation of height phenotype

How do the chromosomes move during Mitosis? - They are pulled along by the spindle fibers (microtubules) - They are pushed along by the spindle fibers (microtubules) - They "walk" along by the spindle fibers (microtubules) with motor proteins

c

Polyploid versus aneuploid Polyploid; refers to These cells have:

cells that have more than 2 sets. Ex; triploid extra copies for every gene that they have

What is division of the cytoplasm known as?

cytokinesis

Multiple alleles - Individual is still_______ - Have no more than______ alleles per gene Population

diploid 2

remember meiosis moves _______ so all genes on chromosomes move _______

entire chromosomes together

A cell in Anaphase of mitosis will have how many chromosomes compared to that same cell when it was in G1 of interphase? - 1/4 - 1/2 - An equal number - Twice as many

equal

Gene;

information (DNA sequence) leading to a particular characteristic

A cell in Anaphase I of meiosis would contain ____________ number of chromosomes and ___________ amount of DNA compared to the same cell when it was in G2. half the, half the the same, twice the half the, the same the same, half the the same, the same

last

An individual with the genotype A/a:B/b can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A:B A:b A:B A:b A:B or a:b A:B, A:b, a:B, or a:b

last

In snapdragons crossing two pink flowers will produce which of the following offspring? All Red All Pink All White 1/2 red, 1/2 pink 1/4 red, 1/2 pink, 1/4 white

last

Sex linkage - Different from ________! - Sex linkage has to do with the ________ - There are a number of genetic diseases that are sex linked; hemophilia, red-green colorblindness etc

linked genes result of genes that are located on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y) but not the other

Multiple alleles: - Can have_________ alleles. No more than_____ alleles per gene

mannnyyy 2n It turns out that in many cases there are more than 2 alleles for every gene

Nuclear responses;

occurs as a response to gene regulation, either turning genes on or off.

Epistasis:

one gene interferes with the expression of another (one gene basically blocks the expression of another gene)

Direct contact and Local signaling are known as:

paracrine or synaptic signals

Segregation;

the homologous chromosomes separate into different daughter cells (each daughter cell only gets one allele (big A or small A)

Locus;

the location of a gene on a chromosome

What happens in prophase?

the nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindle apparatus forms, and the chromosomes condense and are attached to the spindle.

Flower monohybrid cross

- We designate the parental generation with a "P" the phenotype is that one plant produces a purple and the other white. In mendels language these plants are "true breeding." This means that these plants always produce either purple flowers if it's the purpled flower pant or whte flowers if it's the while flower. Looking at the geenotype for these plants, theyre both homozygous. The purple flowered plant is homozygous for the dominant allele big P/P and white flowered is homozygous for the recessive, p/p. Because of the homozygous nature, purple can only produce gametes with big P and white only small p. Remember, you can only put alleles in the gamete if you have those alleles - So if we cross these two plants we'll have purple flowered alleles in one gamete fusing with white flowered alleles in another gamete and that will give us their offspring, the first filial generation (F1) and these genotypes would be heterozygous, P/p. - Because purple is dominant, phenotypically all the plants are gonna have purple floweres and will look like the homozygous dominant. If we wann go on and make another generation (F2) we would do that by crossing two F1's. Our cross would be P/p crossed with another P/p. The gametes these would make would be either P or P for both. To see what the possible F2 generation could look like we make a punnet square

Signal Reception -Some are proteins located in the ________ -It tells us that those signal molecules are _______

- cytoplasm - membrane permeable and specifically in almost all cases they're gonna be steroids. Steroids are lipids and are permeable to the membrane and can pass right through, so they're located in the cytoplasm of the target cell.

What is the probability that a daughter of this mating will be a hemophiliac? Express your answer as a fraction using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/24), or as a whole number.

0

If a/a b/b is crossed with A/A B/B, what is the expected percentage of offspring with both recessive phenotypes? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

0 percent

Given that a child of this individual inherits the eye1 allele, what is the chance that they will also inherit the eye2 allele from the same parent? 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

0.

A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes. 30 16 32 8 64

16; 16 is half of 32.

What are the genotypes of the gametes and offspring in the second cross? - gametes: 1/2 B and 1/2 b (heterozygous parent) and b; offspring: 1/2 Bb and 1/2 bb - gametes: all B; offspring: all BB - gametes: all b; offspring: all bb - gametes: 1/2 B and 1/2 b (heterozygous parent) and b; offspring: all Bb

1st

A BbGg x bbgg cross yields a phenotypic ratio of approximately 5 black eyes, green skin : 5 orange eyes, white skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin. Which of the following best explains these results? - Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated. - The heterozygous individual is male, and the homozygous individual is female. - Mendel's law of segregation is being violated. - The genes for eye color and skin color are co-dominant. - Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment are being violated.

1st; If the genes for eye color and skin color assorted independently, then the outcome of this cross would have been a 1:1:1:1 ratio.

An individual who is heterozygous for a single gene has how many unique alleles for that gene? 0 1 2 3 4

2

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____. two chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids four chromosomes and two chromatids one chromosome and two chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids

2,4; At this point each of the chromosomes consists of two chromatids.

Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes. 46 pairs of 23 pairs of 23 46 5

23; This is the number of chromosomes in a single set of human chromosome

If a cell contained 12 chromosomes, during Interphase, how many chromosomes would be present during Anaphase? 6 12 24 36 48

24

An individual with the genotype A/A:B/B can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A. A or B A:B A:A or B:B A/A:B/B

2nd

In Anaphase I of meiosis which of the following structures is moving on the spindle towards the poles? Think about the structure/s moving toward a single pole of the spindle. - Single Unreplicated Chromosomes - Single Replicated Chromosomes - Pairs of Unreplicated Chromosomes - Pairs of Replicated Chromosomes - none of the above

2nd

Which of the following is true of an X-linked gene, but not of a Y-linked gene? - It is only expressed in female offspring. - The gene is present in both males and females. - It does not segregate like other genes. - It is expressed in half of the cells of either male or female. - Sister chromatids separate during mitosis.

2nd; All cells have at least one functional X chromosome.

Gregor Mendel set up a dihybrid cross with one pea plant from the parental generation (P) producing round yellow peas and the other pea plant producing wrinkled green peas. The F2 generation included 315 plants producing round yellow peas, 108 with round green peas, 101 with wrinkled yellow peas, and 32 with wrinkled green peas. How would these results have differed if pea shape and pea color had been linked genes, located close together on the same chromosome? - The F2 generation would have included a higher percentage of pea plants producing yellow peas. - The F2 generation would have included a higher percentage of pea plants producing round, yellow peas. - The F2 generation would have included a lower percentage of pea plants producing wrinkled, green peas.

2nd; If pea shape and pea color were determined by closely linked genes, they would not show independent assortment. Chromosomes would carry the combination of alleles seen in the P generation: yellow + round or green + wrinkled. Approximately ¾ or 75% of the F2 generation would inherit at least one chromosome carrying the yellow + round alleles. That is higher than Mendel's observed percentage of 315/556 or 56%. Read how linkage affects inheritance.

A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____. one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is heterozygous both parents are heterozygous for both genes both parents are homozygous dominant one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is homozygous recessive one parent is heterozygous and one parent is homozygous recessive

2nd; Such a result indicates that the genes assort independently and that, for each gene, the alleles exhibit a dominant/recessive relationship.

Which of these descriptions of the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of segregation? - The arrangement of each pair of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate during metaphase I is random with respect to the arrangements of other pairs. - The two alleles for each gene separate as homologous chromosomes move apart during anaphase I. - Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II.

2nd; The chromosomal basis of Mendel's law of segregation state that the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.

A cross between an individual with orange eyes and green skin and an individual with black eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross. trihybrid dihybrid difficult monohybrid test

2nd; The cross is examining two characters.

The diploid number of chromosomes for horse somatic cells is 64. What is the haploid number? 16 32 48 64 128

32

An individual heterozygous for eye color, skin color, and number of eyes mates with an individual who is homozygous recessive for all three characters; what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes; G = green skin, g = white skin; C = two eyes, c = one eye] - 9 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye - 9 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 black eyes, white skin, two eyes :1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 9 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye - 1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye - 9 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 9 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 9 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye - 1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye

3; This is a tough problem; you had to expand your Punnett square to accommodate another character. However, 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio is the expected outcome of a BbGgCc x bbggcc cross.

An individual with the following genotype (A/a B/b C/c d/d) could produce all of the gametes shown below except: A/B/C/d a/b/c/d A/B/C/D A/b/c/d A/B/c/d

3rd

An individual with the genotype A/a:B/B can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A:B a:B A:B or a:B A:B, A:b, or a:B A:B, A:b, a:B, or a:b An individual with the genotype A/a:B/b:C/C:D/d cannot produce which of the following gametes? A:B:C:D A:B:C:d A:b:C:d A:b:c:d A:b:C:D A:b:C:d D

3rd

During anaphase II of meiosis a cell would contain chromosomes and pairs. - unreplicated, no homologous - replicated, no homologous - unreplicated chromosomes, homologous - replicated, homologous - none of the above is correct

3rd

What are the genotypes of the parents in the first cross (the cross that produced 12 black offspring)? BB x BB BB x Bb BB x bb Bb x Bb Bb x bb bb x bb

3rd

In a Test Cross if the unknown individual is heterozygous we would expect the following ratio of offspring? - All purple flowered - All white flowered - ½ purple and ½ white flowered - ¾ purple and ¼ white flowered - None of the above

3rd Also, figure 14.7 shows this

In a test cross, if the individual whose genotype is unknown is actually heterozygous, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? 3/4 dominant, 1/4 recessive 1/4 dominant, 3/4 recessive all showing the recessive phenotype 1/2 dominant, 1/2 recessive all showing the dominant phenotype

4

The observed distribution of alleles into gametes is an illustration of _____. - Eimer's principle - Mendel's law of segregation only - Thienemann's rule - Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment - Mendel's law of independent assortment only

4; The events seen here illustrate both the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.

In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin] bbGG BbGg BBGG BBGg BbGG

4th; All of the offspring have black eyes, and there is a 3:1 ratio of skin color.

In order to determine the genotype of a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, you would cross this individual with a(n) _____ individual. BbGg BBGG BBgg bbgg bbGG

4th; This is an extension of the single character testcross you worked with in the activity on monohybrid crosses.

A man with red-green colorblindness marries woman who has normal vision, but is a carrier. What percentage of the daughters would be expected to be red-green colorblind? This gene is located on the X chromosome.

50 **Pic

A cell in G1 of the cell cycle contains a total of 6 chromosomes in 3 homologous pairs. It undergoes Meiosis, during Anaphase II each cell would contain? 3 chromosomes with no pairs 3 chromosomes with 3 pairs 6 chromosomes with no pairs 6 chromosomes with 3 pairs

6 with 3 pairs

An individual with the genotype (A/A) can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A a or a A/A A/a a/a A/A, A/a, or a/a

A

In a Test Cross if the unknown individual is homozygous dominant we would expect the following ratio of offspring? All purple flowered All white flowered ½ purple and ½ white flowered ¾ purple and ¼ white flowered None of the above

A

Genotype;

A listing of the alleles for an individual Often for just one or two genes

Human chromosomes pic

An example of the number of chromosomes in one set of human chromosomes and in this the individual has one chromosome for chromosome on, two, 3, 4 etc. And then either an x or y chromosome. The chromosomes here represent one set an this would be a so called haploid karyotype.

During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids move away from each other? Metaphase Telophase Prophase Anaphase

Anaphase

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____. anaphase I prophase II metaphase I telophase II and cytokinesis metaphase II

Anaphase I; During anaphase I sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, and homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.

During _____ sister chromatids separate. prophase I prophase II interphase anaphase II metaphase I

Anaphase II; is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that the cell is haploid.

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. telophase anaphase interphase prometaphase metaphase

Anaphase; During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.

Reproduction can be categorized as either being asexual or sexual. Match the offspring produced and the type of karyokinesis with the type of reproduction. 1st choice identical to 2nd choice different from 3rd choice mitosis 4th choice meiosis Asexual reporduction requires karyokinesis by: 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice Sexual reproduction results in offspring which are __________ each other. 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice Sexual reproduction requires karyokinesis by: 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice Asexual reproduction results in offspring which are __________ each other. 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice

Asexual offspring will be identical, sexual are not identical, mitosis leads to sexual reproduction, sexual will have meiosis (you will have to create variation in the gametes that are produced)

End of second division pic

At the end of the second division, it would look like this where again, this is now split into two daughter cells (two on the left) and the other is split into the two on the right. We produced gametes that contain either a big A and big B alleles or gametes that contain little a and little b alleles. So these are the 2 possible outcomes

**Using same pic If you were to experimentally block the production of Cyclin you would expect: - The cell to go back to G1 - The cell to remain in G2 - The cell to constantly undergo Mitosis (cell division)

B

Two purple flowered pea plants are crossed and the offspring include both purple and white flowered plants. What are the genotypes of the parents? - Both homozygous dominant - Both heterozygous - One homozygous dominant, one heterozygous - need more information

B

After crossing-over, the sister chromatids in replicated chromosomes are? - Genetically identical - Not genetically identical - Could be either

B (even though C may be a better choice. If homologous chromosomes had same for of gene when crossing over they would still be identical, but this isn't what usually happens)

Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes? A and C D and E A and D A and B B and C

B and C; Each of the chromosomes in gametes B and C are composed of material derived from both parents

Two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere prior to meiosis. Which statement is correct? - The cell that contains these sister chromatids must be haploid. - Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical. - These chromatids make up a diploid chromosome.

Barring mutation

A rooster with gray feathers is mated with a hen of similar phenotype. Among the offspring: 15 are gray 6 are black 8 are white What are the genotypes of the parents? One homozygous dominant, one homozygous recessive - Both homozygous dominant - Both homozygous recssive - Both heterozygous -

Both heterozygous. Parents have to have variation in them to produce kids with so many variations. How do we get 3 kinds of offspring? We look at this as C^B/C^b x C^B/C^b. Some genes are expressed through this, which is incomplete dominance

An individual with the genotype (A/a) can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A a A or a A/A A/a a/a A/A, A/a, or a/a

C

In a cross with these parents R/r:Y/y X R/r:Y/y what is the probablity of an offspring having the genotype R/-:Y/y 1/4 1/8 3/8 1/8 1/16 3/16 1

Could do punnet square or product rule. C 3/8. R/r x R/r Y/y x Y/y X Punnet square produces 3 R/r and 1 r/r which is ¾. Y square produces 2/4 which are Y/y. Multiply them together and you get 3/8.

Test cross

Cross an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual Which phenotype has an unknown genotype?

CDK-

Cyclin dependent kinase. Remains in constant concentration, dependant on cycling

What is the starting point of the cell cycle?

Cytokenisis; the end of cell division

An individual with the genotype A/a:B/b:C/C cannot produce which of the following gametes? A:B:C A:B:C A:b:C A:b:c A:b:C A:b:C More than one of the above

D

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. two ... haploid four ... identical to the other two... diploid four ... haploid four ... diploid

D; At the end of meiosis II there are typically 4 haploid cells.

Chromosome structure: Composed of ________ and _______ During interphase that DNA is_______ or________ During cell division is_______ and ________

DNA and histone proteins relaxed or extended supercoiled and condensed

What happens during anaphase?

During anaphase, the replicated chromosomes separate and pull apart.

**Image on back; Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis but no other events? B E C A D

E; This is mitosis.

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms? Select all that apply. - crossing over - independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis - random fertilization - cytokinesis

Everything except cytokenisis

Based on the pedigree shown below the allele for this disorder is recessive. True False

False

Based on the question above individual number 1 is homozygous True False

False

What are the genotypes of the gametes and offspring in the first cross? gametes: B and b; offspring: all Bb gametes: all b; offspring: all bb gametes: all B; offspring: all BB

First

Which of these descriptions of the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of independent assortment? - The arrangement of each pair of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate during metaphase I is random with respect to the arrangements of other pairs. - The two alleles for each gene separate as homologous chromosomes move apart during anaphase I. - Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II.

First; Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation.

What can we observe in order to visualize Mendel's Law of Segregation? - homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis I - the behavior of sex-linked genes - sister chromatids separating during mitosis - homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis II - the replication of DNA

First; Homologous chromosomes each carry an allele for every gene. Those alleles may be the same or different, but they are segregated during meiosis I and distributed to each gamete

In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why? - The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome. - The female gamete determines sex because only the female gamete provides cytoplasm to the zygote. - The female gamete determines sex because only the female gametes can have one of two functional sex chromosomes. - The male determines sex because the sperm can fertilize either a female egg or a male egg. - The chromosome contribution from both parents determines sex because the offspring uses all the parents' chromosomes.

First; In humans, the male produces both X- and Y-bearing sperm, whereas females only produce X-bearing eggs.

Imagine a human disorder that is inherited as a dominant, X-linked trait. How would the frequency of this disorder vary between males and females? - Females would display this disorder with greater frequency than males. - Males would display this disorder with greater frequency than females. - Males and females would display this disorder with equal frequency.

First; Men have only one X chromosome, whereas women have two. Thus, women have twice the chance of inheriting the dominant allele that causes this disorder. Remember that the disorder is caused by a dominant allele, so an individual who inherits a single dominant allele will display the disorder. Read about the inheritance of X-linked genes.

Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. Sam, a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. Carole is a MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If Sam and Carole were to mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be _____. - 1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin - 1 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 3 orange eyes, green skin : 9 orange eyes, white skin - 9 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 3 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin - There is insufficient information to determine Sam's genotype. - 3 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 9 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin

First; Sam's genotype is BbGg, and Carole's genotype is bbgg.

What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin? (Note: orange eyes are recessive.) **Pic on back bbgg BBGG bbGG bbGg BbGg

First; This result of the cross indicates that both orange eyes and white skin are recessive.

Human somatic (body) cells contain between 7 and 14 picograms of DNA. A cell containing 7 picograms would most likely be in which stage/s of the cell cycle? - G1 - S - G2 - More than one of the above

G1

What is the first stage after cytokinesis

G1

Put the stages of the cell cycle in order, beginning immediately after cell division.

G1 < S < G2 < Cell Division

Interphase consists of which stages of the cell cycle? - G1 - G2 - S - Cell Division

G1 and G2

What stage is after the S stage

G2

Which stage of the cell cycle is represented by "D" in the figure?

G2

What does the G stand for

Gap, so this could be called Gap 1

response pic

Got reception, transduction, and then the activation of some sort of cellular response.

________= 1 set

Haploid CAN REFER TO THAT AS 1N WITH N BEING THE ENUIMBER OF CHROMOSEMES NEEDED TO HAVE that set. In humans that number would be 23.

Variations on Mendel's theme Incomplete dominance:

Heterozygous individuals have a phenotype intermediate to the homozygous individuals. (half way between the two homozygous states. Ex. Cross red and white flowers and offspring are pink) **Note that when we cross the pinks to make the F2 generation, we actually have some red. Also some white. Note the somewhat different notation which indicates there isn't complete dominance so both are written in uppercase

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes find each other and pair up in what's known as synapsis

Distant:

Hormonal signals

ploidy Ploidy has to do with 2 questions;

How many chromosomes are required to have one copy of each gene? How many chromosomes are required to have one complete copy of all the DNA needed to code for every protein in an organism? Answer; this answer is highly variable. In some organisms the answer is one and in others the number is over 600. In humans the answer is 23. Need 23 different chromosomes to have one copy of each genes.

Prior to crossing-over, the sister chromatids in replicated chromosomes are? Genetically identical Not genetically identical

Identical; they're the result of replication

Replicated cell division pic

If we take the chromosome information we can overlay that on the cell cycle. Were gonna start and at the end of cytokinesis, at the beginning of G1, the chromosomes are unreplicated and they will stay that way throughout the whole phase. We're gonna start the s phase with unreplicated chromosomes. At the end of S they will be replicated and stay that way all the way till G2. Then in cell division we will go from replicated chromosomes to unreplicated chromosomes.

Which of the following can describe the way genes are distributed among the chromosomes? Randomly Clustered by function Clustered by timing of expression Clustered by biochemical structure Arranged in evolutionary order

In euk they're randomly arranged

Meiosis metaphase II

In metaphase II. We still contain the same things in each cell nothing has changed, they're just lining up. Notice that what has lined up are single replicated chromosomes. In metaphase 1 we had pairs of chromosomes lined up.

Metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytogenesis pic

In metaphase the chromosomes are all lined up on the metaphase plate. you can see in the middle that they are replicated chromosomes splitting in two. Telophase is the last part of mitosis and cytokinesis is a separate process. **Movie thing at 9:30

A cell in Anaphase II will have how much DNA compared to when it was in Prophase I An equal amount Half as much Twice as much *Half as much

In prophase 1 we had 8 molecules of DNA then get to anaphase II with only 4 unreplicated chromosomes so now we have 4 molecules of DNA

Meiosis telophase 1

In telophase 1. Still have 4 chromosomes, 2 pairs, and 8 molecules of DNA. Note that chromosomes are a pair even if they're not together, as long as they're both in the same cell.

Second division of this pic

In the second division those daughter cells are going to divide and were going to produce final gametes that look like ones at the bottom. If you think about how this compares to the previous example for looking at two genes in gamete formation, you see that we produce fewer kinds of gametes, and that then has implications for the variation that we see in the offspring.

The random distribution, which occurs as different pairs of homologous chromosomes move into different gametes demonstrates: - Independent assortment - Segregation - Crossing-over - Dominance

Independent assortment

co dominance pic

Individuals who are both AB are expressing both carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells simultaneously. They are both A and B at the same time. Different from being halfway between A and B.

Nucleoli are present during _____. prophase metaphase anaphase prometaphase interphase

Interphase;

During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. cytokinesis S mitosis G1 interphase

Interphase; These are the events of interphase.

- What does the fact that they're bound in the plasma membrane tell us about the properties of the signal molecules?

It tells us that the signal molecules for those receptors are not capable of passing through the cell membrane by themselves. They are not permeable to the membrane that's why the receptor is out on the surface of the cell

IDK chromosome pic

Its also possible that an individual with an exact same genotype, that when they line up during metaphase I of meiosis they line up this way where the dominant allele for A, that chromosome is on the same side as the chromosome that has the recessive allele for B, and vice versa on the other side. This means that at the end of the first division of meiosis we end up with cells that look like this

What is the division of the nucleus known as?

Karyokinesis

Reception pic

Look at top left box. We have our G-protein receptor, the G-Protein and the enzyme. Now move to second box. Signal molecule binds to the receptor that activates the receptor. G protein binds to that activated receptor and we add GTP to it and that activates the G protein molecule. Now look at box 3. G protein molecule now goes and binds to the enzyme which was inactive and when it binds to activated g protein it activates the protein and that creates cellular response. Note that during this process the signal molecule got kicked off the receptor. So we've transduced signal from this form (2nd box) to the activated GTP molecule in the 3rd box which led to some cellular response.

Signal transduction

Means: to convert something to another form. We're gonna convert the signal Examples: G-protein, Tyrosine kinase and ion-gated channel

Human gametes are produced by _____. - meiosis - the cell cycle - asexual reproduction - mitosis - fertilization

Meiosis; Meiosis produces haploid gametes from a diploid parental cell.

Given this pedigree of a Graves disease family, is it possible that Graves disease is dominant? Yes No

No; The offspring tell us that the parents have to have it. If it was dominant, then it would show up in the parents. The fact that it shows up in the offspring and not the parents means that its recessive

What is the cell cycle?

Nothing more than talking about the life of a cell

Meiosis anaphase II

Now in Anaphase II. Now we pull our replicated chromosomes apart. In each cell we have 4 chromosomes, 2 pairs, a big and small one, and 4 molecules of DNA.

Responses: Fall into 2 main categories:

Nuclear responses; Gene regulation;

Allele;

One form of a gene

Pleiotropy;

One gene has multiple phenotypic effects

Life cycles: Alternation of generation-

Organisms with multicellular haploid and diploid live life in one stage and then the other one

Control of cell division

Phases have checkpoints

Meiosis: (5)

Produces non-identical daughter cells Not identical to each other Not identical to parental cell Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes compared to the original parental cell

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. anaphase interphase telophase prometaphase metaphase

Prometaphase; Attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores is one of the events of prometaphase.

Which stage of cell division is represented in the figure. Prophase Metaphase Telophase Anaphase

Prophase

Put the stages of mitosis in order, beginning immediately after G2.

Prophase < Metaphaase < Anaphase < Telophase < Cytokinesis

Which stage of cell division is represented in the figure. Be sure to pay attention to whether the choices are mitosis or meiosis.

Prophase I

Synapsis occurs during _____. prophase II anaphase II metaphase II prophase I telophase I and cytogenesis

Prophase I; Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs during prophase I.

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell. anaphase II prophase II telophase I and cytokinesis prophase I metaphase II

Prophase II; is essentially the same as mitotic prophase except that the cells are haploid.

Chromosomes become visible during _____. metaphase interphase prometaphase prophase anaphase

Prophase; During prophase, the chromatin fibers become discrete chromosomes.

Stages of cell signaling

Reception Transduction Response

What does ploidy refer to?

Refers to the number of sets of chromomes in a cell

During anaphase I of meiosis a cell would contain ______________ chromosomes and ___________ pairs. - replicated, no homologous - replicated, homologous - unreplicated, no homologous - unreplicated chromosomes, homologous

Replicated; homologous

What happens during the S phase?

Replication (s sands for synthesis)

Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. One nucleus had 4 picograms of DNA. What phase of the cell cycle was this nucleus most likely in? - G1 - G0 - G2 - Mitosis - S

S

The chromosomes (nuclear DNA) are replicated during: - G1 - G2 - S - Cell Division

S-remember that s stands for synthesis!

Human somatic cells contain between 7 and 14 picograms of DNA. A cell containing 9.5 picograms would most likely be in which stage/s of the cell cycle? - G1 - S - G2 - More than one of the above

S. only time you should have a number different from 7 or 14 is when they're replicating

who knows again pic

Shows what's happening when the growth factor binds to the receptor. That works through this phosphorylation cascade in transduction, in this case it's probably a G protein. That ultimately activates the transcription factor and that turns on transcription and leads to the production of mRNA and ultimately to some sort of protein being produced.

signal transduction pic

So signal molecule binds to receptor. The receptor never enters the cell in this model, but the binding to the signal molecule to the receptor causes a change to this and that then activates this set of relay molecules that creates this signal transduction pathway.

IDK chromosome pic

So we have two different pairs of alleles and they're located on different chromosomes. We have an individual who his heterozyguos for two different genes, the A and B gene. These alleles are located on very different chromosomes (pic on top). Its possible that during metaphase I of meiosis, those chromosomes were to line up this way where we have both of the chromosomes that have the dominant alleles on one side and the recessive on the other. At the end of the first division, these would have moved into one daughter cell and these two would have moved into the second daughter cell (two pics on bottom)

^^Corresponding punnet square

So we have varying genotypes and phenotypes

phases pic 2

So we start out in interphase, the chromosomes are relaxed. We get prophase as the nuclear envelope is beginning to break down. The spindle apparatus is beginning to form etc. Note that prophase and prometaphase should be combined. **Text is for both pics

There are 22,000 human genes in the genome. How many different kinds of proteins can be produced from these genes? - Millions Hundreds of Thousands - 22,000 - 5000 - 1000 - 46

Somewhere between hundreds of thousands and millions

Interphase pic

Start at beginning of G1 were in interphase we go into S where our DNA is synthesized then go into G2 and then we have a cell division, in this case mitosis but it could also be miosis.

Interphase pic

Start out in G1 and we have a pair of chromosomes that are unreplicated. We go through the S phase and they replicate. In the first division of meiosis were gonna separate them, do segregation, and put one member in one cell and the other in the other cell. In 2nd division we're going to break these replicated chromosomes into 2 unreplicated chromosomes. The 2 daughter cells are not identical, remember.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids. telophase metaphase II telophase I interphase telophase II

Telophase I; At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, there are two haploid cells with chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids each.

Meiosis telophase II

Telophase II looks very similar. Same amount of stuff.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells. prophase I telophase II prophase II interphase anaphase I

Telophase II; At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. prometaphase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

Telophase; Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies telophase.

What happens during telophase

The chromosomes have moved to the poles of the spindle and they're bunched into 2 groups. Nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes relax back into chromatin

Heterozygous;

The condition in which the alleles for a gene are different (A/a) *Dominant gene first

What is cytokinesis and what happens during it

The division of the cytoplasm Cytoplasm is roughly cut into two parts

Co-dominance Phenotype Genotype Type A I^A/I^A **Didn't finish this Type B Type AB

The heterozygous individual expresses both alleles (phenotypes) simultaneously.

Segregation:

The homologous chromosomes separate into different

Direct signaling pic

The top left has direct signaling. The one on the left makes that small molecule and it diffuses into the other one, causing some effect. The same is true for the pair on the right. There is cell-cell recognition at the bottom. There's a cell with receptors on it and another with a signal molecule displayed.

2nd division of meiosis pic

Then in the 2nd division of meiosis we end up with this. The individual with this genotype can produce gametes that are A/B, A/b, a/B and a/B because of this idea of individual assortment, that the A genes have sorted independently from the B genes. That's due to the fact that they're on separate chromosome

There's no change in the number of chromosomes from G1to S and to G2..

There's no change in the number of chromosomes from G1to S and to G2..

triploid chromosome pic

This is a cell that is triploid and you can see that there are 3 chromosomes number ones, 3 number 14, etc.

fly chromosome pic

This is a drosophila's cell, this particular one is a tetraploid there are 4 sets of chromosomes

homologous chromosomes pic

This is a pair of chromosomes. Centromere regions are circled on the top and bottom attached to the spindle, and we see the places where the arms cross at the two ends which is chiasmata.

Receptor protein pic

This is a view of what the receptor proteins look like. ON extracellular surface we have a binding site. On intracellular surface we have binding site for G protein

Same cross, different looking chart

This is the same cross. The phenotypic ratio, 9-3-3-1, 9 that show dominant phenotype for both trait, 3 that are dominant for 1 and recessive for the other, 3 that are dominant for on and recessive for the other but in the opposite order, and 1 that is recessive in both

Diploid chromosome pic

This is what the individual would look like if they were diploid. They now have pairs of chromones. This is a male karyotype, it has an x and a y

heterozygous pic

This person is heterozygous, A/a. If we look at the locusts for the a allele you'll notice the big A allele is on one chromosome and little on the other. If we look at the end of the first division, we have now separated those such that one cell contains a chromosome with a big A allele and other has small. (2nd) If we then further separate those, what we see is that half of the gametes are going to contain big A alleles and half will contain little. (3rd) That means that this person produces gametes in two forms, half have big A and half have little A alleles.

Based on the pedigree above individual number 3 is homozygous True False

True

A cell in G2 of interphase will have how much DNA compared to that same cell when it was in G1 of interphase? - Half as much - The same amount - Twice as much

Twice as much

A cell in Metaphase of mitosis will have how much DNA compared to that same cell when it was in G1 of interphase? - Twice as much - An equal amount - 1/2 as much - 1/4 as much

Twice as much

Epistasis/Pleiotropy

Two terms that refer to a sort of similar condition

Ion gated channel pic

View of ion gated channel. We start and have our signal molecule and the binding site. When the molecule binds that opens the gate, which is a facilitated diffusion ion channel. When the gate is open that molecule diffuses into the cell and that causes some cellular response. If we knock the signal molecule off the gate closes and we stop the signal.

A woman with type B blood has child with blood type O which of the following can not be the father of the child? A B AB O More than one of the above

WHO KNOWS

Cell cycle pic

We can talk about this using a cycle, and the starting point would be cytokinesis, the end of cell division and you can think of that as both the end of life of one cell and the beginning of the life of a new cell. The first stage after cytokinesis that a cell is in is known as G1, G stands for gap so this could be called gap 1. There is also a phase known as S and during S phase is when we have replication. So the DNA in the cell is going to replicate during this phase. The s stands for synthesis (synthesis of DNA which is a process we now refer to as replication.) After the s phase is G2 phase. Then we have cell division and this ends with the division of the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, and we go back into G1. In this everything from the beginning of G1 all the way around to the end of G2 is known as interphase. After interphase we have some form of cell division

flower color gene pic

We have a gene for flower color and that gene exists right in this location (bands on the rightish). There are two forms of it, the purple flower allele and a white. The two alleles can be found in the same location. Different alleles can have almost the same sequence of DNA nucleotides, but there is a small difference.

More detailed view pic

We have a more detailed view of this. It has to do with the impact of the signal molecule epinephrine. All this shit is just activating enzymes. In this type of pathway, bc were activating inactive enzymes, we get amplification of the signal. We have a single signal molecule that results in response to 10^8 molecule

chromosome pic

We have an unreplicated chromosomes, the DNA replicates during the S phase, and then we have a replicated chromosome (in the middle) that's composed of 2 identical sister chromatids. Those separate and now we have two separate unreplicated chromosomes. We have one molecule of DNA in the one at the top, 2 in the middle one, and 2 molecules of DNA at the bottom (one in each)

local area signaling pic

We have local area signaling in boxes A and B. We have a cell that's secreting some regulatory molecule its impacting the cells in the surrounding area and we have synaptic signaling in the second box. Very similar, we have neurotransmitter molecules released by one cell getting received by the receptors on the other cell. This is over a very local area. In panel c we have long distance signaling

Meiosis metaphase 1

We may get crossing over occurring and if we do then we would have an exchange of material between chromosomes and you see that at the bottom of both pairs. We've lined them up so we're in metaphase.

Meiosis anaphase 1

We now have anaphase 1 and we're separating the members of the pair (segregation) but we still have the same amount of chromosomes, pairs, and DNA as in the first.

Tyrosine kinase pic

We see something a little different here. Tyrosine Kinase is a large protein with a series of tyrasine residues on it. When each circle have bound a signal molecule they join together and form a dimer structure then they get phosphorylated which fully activates them. In the active form they can bind and lead to cellular response

Meiosis prophase 1 pic

Were in prophase I of meiosis, our nuclear envelope is broken down, the spindle apparatus is formed, and our homologous chromosomes have come together and snapped? So we have a pair of chromosomes at the top and bottom. Currently we have 4 chromosomes, 2 pairs, and 8 molecules of DNA.

An individual with the genotype (a/a) can produce gametes containing the following alleles? A a or a A/A A/a a/a A/A, A/a, or a/a

a

Maturation promoting factor;

a combination of these two; this is the signal for going from G2 into mitosis

A human with 47 chromosomes would be considered? Polyploid Aneuploid

aneuploidy Polyploid= more than 2 sets of chromosomes Aneuploidy= number of something varies by more than one chromosome..down syndrome

- Dominant alleles are expressed in the __________ (expressed when the individual only has one copy) - Recessive alleles are only expressed in the _______

heterozygous condition homozygous condition

Cytokinesis II

in each daughter cell we have 2 chromosomes, 0 pairs, and 2 molecules of DNA. We segregated our pairs of chromosomes so that each daughter only has one of each pair, one big and small, we cut our chromosomes number in half, went from 4 to 2, and started with replicated chromosomes and finished with unreplicated.

Karyokinesis comes in 2 forms:

mitosis and meiosis

When we look at a cross involving a single trait, those are normally referred to as ________

monohybrid cross P Phenotype Purple X White

- When can an allele be present in a gamete? - For every pair of alleles, an individual gamete only gets

only if that individual has that allele one

Prophase l In meiosis the homologous pairs of chromosomes condense out together; this term is ________ The structure you're left with is _______ The places where they touch are _______ **Took pic on phone of chiasmata Crossing over (swap pieces of chromosomes )

synapsis tetrad formation (4 arms connected together) chiasmata

Aneuploid

they have a change in the number of chromosomes but not in the number of sets. They typically have a change in a number in a single chromosome and an example of this is downs syndrome.

Based on the figure shown below a cell with a high concentration of MPF: Will pass the G2 checkpoint Will NOT pass the G2 checkpoint

yep

Assuming the A and B genes are linked, what is the probablity of the following cross producing an offspring homozygous recessive for both genes? AB/ab X AB/ab 1/32 3/8 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2 I don't know how to start

¼. In punnet square you cross AB and ab. Get 1 ab/ab and 2 AB/ab and one AB/AB.

What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? Express your answer as a fraction using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/24).

¼; 1/4 for each daughter (1/2 that the child will be female × 1/2 chance of homozygous recessive genotype)

A couple has three children, all of whom have brown eyes and blond hair. Both parents are homozygous for brown eyes (BB), but one is a blond (rr) and the other is a redhead (Rr). What is the probability that their next child will be a brown-eyed redhead? 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/64

½

What fraction of this couple's children would be expected to have extra digits? Express your answer using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/16).

½