Bio Exam 5

What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?

4

What is kwashiorkor?

A malnourished condition caused by a lack of adequate protein in the diet

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A process that releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of __________, __________, and __________ as by-products.

ATP; CO2; water

The Periodic Table of Elements contains 92 naturally occurring elements and a few more that have been artificially created. Which of the following statements best describes elements?

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements make up all the matter on earth.

Imagine that you have been employed as a technical consultant for a new television program in which the main character is a doctor who works with anabolic steroids. The writers have asked you for a short description to provide them with background about this class of drugs. How would you best describe them?

Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. They can increase muscle mass and strength, but they also have dangerous side effects and are illegal without a prescription.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the body's structures; physiology is the study of how the body's structures function.

In what ways are the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

Both release heat as a waste product.

How is BMI calculated?

By using a person's height and weight

What is the function of the oily barrier formed by fatty acid tails in the phospholipid bilayer? .

Create a boundary between the cytosol and extracellular fluid

Evaluate this statement: Cholesterol is a type of lipid, and thus all cholesterol lipids are bad for human health.

False, because some types cholesterol increase heart disease, but other types are necessary, especially in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following can result in an ulcer?

Helicobacter pylori

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?

It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures of the urinary system in the creation to the excretion of urine?

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

polymers that contain sugars may...

Store hereditary information (DNA or RNA) Store energy (starch and glycogen) Protect cells (cellulose)

What kinds of molecules can be used as metabolic fuel to produce ATP?

Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

What do you think might happen if you put a mixture of proteins and starch in a solution containing trypsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins?

The protein would be broken down into amino acids.

How does yeast make bread dough rise?

The yeast cells produce CO2.

What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?

They contain carbonyl groups.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?

Two layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within

What are isomers?

Two molecules that have the same atoms arranged differently (and have different properties)

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.

Anatomy is to physiology as ___________.

a book is to reading

If you are going to bake potatoes, and your potatoes are soft and dehydrated, they can be soaked in __________ to make them more firm before baking.

a hypotonic solution such as tap water

Blood calcium level regulation controlled by the release of hormones when blood calcium levels change is an example of _____________.

a negative feedback mechanism

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of

active transport

Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane?

all cells (animal, plant, and bacteria)

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.

amino acids

Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.

anatomical structure; physiological actions

The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ____.

atom

Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of ...

c-atoms in the tails and double bonds in the tails

An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.

cannot make by itself

__________ are the fundamental units of life.

cells

Which of the following options lists the structural elements of organisms in the correct order, from smallest to largest?

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

The scientific study of matter is called _____.

chemistry

A(n) ____ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.

covalent

The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n) ________.

covalent bond

Which of the following would NOT be considered an essential nutrient?

dairy

Follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. This most likely involves __________ reactions.

dehydration synthesis

When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a ____ bond is formed

double

Which stage of cellular respiration uses O2?

electron transport chain

Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical properties of the atom.

electrons

2. H2SO4, sulfuric acid, contains three different types of atoms: hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). Each of these atoms represents a different ______. Since the three types are combined in a fixed ratio, this means that H2SO4 is a(n) ______.

element; compound

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of

endocytosis

Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following is not a typical function of proteins?

energy storage

Compact, complex animals have specialized internal _________ that provide a large surface area.

exchange surfaces

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.

fourth

Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ molecules.

glucose

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.

glycerol; water

Some fish-such as salmon-hatch in fresh water, move to the ocean to mature, and return to fresh water to reproduce. The concentration of sodium in the blood of the fish does not change very much when they swim from a river to the sea or return to the river. This is an example of ______________.

homeostasis

the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.

homeostasis

A weak bond called a _______ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.

hydrogen

Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds.

hydrogen

The chemical reaction shown here, in which a large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts that make it up, is called a __________ reaction.

hydrolysis

The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller individual subunits involves multiple ________.

hydrolysis reaction

In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.

hydroxyl; carboxyl

The protective covering of the body is called the

integumentary system

A(n) ______ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

ionic

Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are

ions

A human cell placed into a hypertonic solution is likely to

lose water through osmosis

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

low solubility in water

A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment ...

made the fat less fluid

The urinary system ________.

maintains water balance in the body, filters toxins out of the bloodstreams, produces and excretes urine

is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance.

matter

What harvests energy from food molecules to make ATP?

mitochondria

1. If two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) .

molecule

in active transport

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on _________ _________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change.

negative feedback

Atoms involved in a _______bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.

nonpolar

A stomach is an example of which level of organization?

organ

The heart is an example of a(n) ___________.

organ

The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to reach all areas of the body. Together, the heart and blood vessels form a(n) __________.

organ system

are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.

organ system

usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

organs

What kind of bond joins amino acids together to form a protein?

peptide bond

What molecules are constituents of cell membranes?

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

A _____ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.

polar

Within a plant, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be combined (using the energy of sunlight) to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). If you were to write out this chemical reaction, water and carbon dioxide are each an example of a(n) _____ while glucose and oxygen are each an example of a(n) ______.

reactant; product

The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ...

rich in energy and insoluble in water

Food processors are phasing out the use of which types of fats, because research has shown them to be particularly unhealthy?

saturated and trans fats

A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets form their shapes at the _____ level of protein structure.

second

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.

shape

When a person is dehydrated, his or her IV fluids

should be isotonic, because either a hypertonic or hypotonic IV would damage red blood cells.

When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ______ bond is formed

single

Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.

small intestine

Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?

small intestine

A human cell placed in a hypotonic environment would

take up water through osmosis.

The most unsaturated fats have ...

the most double bonds.

To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein's shape?

the sequence of amino acids

physiology

the study of the function of an organisms body

anatomy

the study of the structure of an organisms body

Human red blood cells do NOT have mitochondria. How do these cells produce ATP?

they use glycolysis

a group of cells with a common structure and function.

tissues

What is the role of the villi?

to absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract

Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy?

trans fat

Urine contains of mostly __________.

water

What are the main byproducts of celluar respiration?

water and CO2