BIO Exam Review

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Which of the following proteins is not part of the replisome?

Cyclin dependent kinases

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?

Chitin

Water has its highest density when it is in its

Liquid state

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

Where can telomeres be found?

On the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from

Photosystem 2

A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that stay constantly phosphorylated could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor

True

A retinoblastoma (Rb) protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would lead to an increase in cell proliferation.

True

ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis.

True

DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component

True

During prophase of mitosis, each replicated chromosome attaches to a different microtubule on the mitotic spindle apparatus

True

Telomerase contains a template made of RNA nucleotides

True

Transcription factors tend to bind to DNA at the level of the major grooves

True

Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...

autotroph

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?

ATP synthase

Which molecule is being reduced during the following redox reaction? A + B -> A+ + B-

B

DNA nucleotides have a hydroxyl group at the 2' position on the ribose

False

The p53 gene is known as a proto-oncogene

False

The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria

False

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

4

Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis

It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants

Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?

A nucleus

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called

A reducing agent

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble.

Less

The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values?

-5 to -100 millivolts

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?

0

On average, prokaryotes are approximately

10 times smaller than eukaryotes

Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is

1000 times as acidic as distilled water

At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ sister chromatids

16

In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...

2 electrons and 1 proton

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during

Anaphase

Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of

Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen

Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of

Facilitated diffusion

A stack of thylakoids is called a stroma

False

An uncharged species of nitrogen the has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion

False

Bacterial cells divide by mitosis

False

Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle

False

Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells

False

Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants

False

The cells found in the liver of an elephant are about 100 times larger than the cells found in your liver.

False

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is typically coupled with exergonic reactions

False

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?

Fructose

A Gram positive bacterium would...

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

In a cancerous cell, you would expect telomerase activity to be

Higher than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be

Higher than in a healthy cell

The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called

Hydrogen bonds

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?

Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

DNA replication is a

Semi-conservative mechanism

The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is

Signal amplification and speed

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low?

W B R G

Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be

acidic

The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...

beta oxidation

Many simple proteins fold spontaneously by simply interacting with the aqueous environment in which they are synthesized. However, some more complex folding may be achieved by inserting a peptide sequence into a "folding structure" called a...

chaperones

Your skin has a great deal of mechanical resistance to stretch. This would indicate that your skin tissue contains a great deal of ...

desmosomes

Some prokaryotes have the ability to survive extreme conditions of heat or drought by developing a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm. The dormant structures that are created are called...

endospores

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...

18-fold

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?

Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme

Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?

Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction

In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?

Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.

Without telomerase

Chromosomes would shorten at the 3' ends at every DNA replication

Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp)

False

During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases

G1, S, and G2 only

The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...

Gap junctions

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as

Hydrolysis

DNA polymerases read the DNA

In the 3' to 5' direction

Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?

Integrin proteins

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?

It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen It leads to the production of lactic acid It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+

Which of the following is true about a triploid organism with a n=3 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle

It would have 9 linear chromosomes

Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?

Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose

The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are

Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

Which of the following is true about tumors

Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases. Tumors release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels. Tumors can sometimes be fought via immunotherapy.

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

Mitochondria

The oxidation of macromolecules that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?

Peroxisomes

The process through which eukaryotes absorb ("eat") solid particles is called...

Phagocytosis

Which of the following is NOT a reason for mitotic cell division?

Pollen production in flowers

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?

Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

Typically, the longest phase of the cell cycle is

The G1 phase

During mitosis, the protein complex that anchors the replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus is called

The kinetochore

A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

True

A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)

True

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?

A nucleotide

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?

2

The membrane that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in plants is known as

A cell plate

The plasma membrane is best described as:

A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

(True/False) Imagine a scenario where ions (sodium or chloride, for instance) are segregated across a membrane that contains leak channels for these ions. Once the system reaches an equilibrium at which you can no longer observe a net ionic movement, you would expect the concentration of ions on both sides of the membrane to be equal. (Hint: this scenario would be different from what you would observe in the case of uncharged/nonpolar molecules)

False

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that

Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

A freshwater fish would not survive when placed in sea water. This is partly because the sea water is __________ to the cells of the freshwater fish, and the fish would constantly __________ water.

Hypertonic - lose

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?

It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?

Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme upstream in the same pathway (thereby slowing down the whole pathway) is called...

feedback inhibition

You would expect the transmembrane domain of an integral protein to be...

hydrophobic


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