BIO Exam Review
Which of the following proteins is not part of the replisome?
Cyclin dependent kinases
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?
Chitin
Water has its highest density when it is in its
Liquid state
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
Where can telomeres be found?
On the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from
Photosystem 2
A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that stay constantly phosphorylated could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor
True
A retinoblastoma (Rb) protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would lead to an increase in cell proliferation.
True
ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis.
True
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
During prophase of mitosis, each replicated chromosome attaches to a different microtubule on the mitotic spindle apparatus
True
Telomerase contains a template made of RNA nucleotides
True
Transcription factors tend to bind to DNA at the level of the major grooves
True
Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...
autotroph
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?
ATP synthase
Which molecule is being reduced during the following redox reaction? A + B -> A+ + B-
B
DNA nucleotides have a hydroxyl group at the 2' position on the ribose
False
The p53 gene is known as a proto-oncogene
False
The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria
False
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis
It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?
A nucleus
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called
A reducing agent
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble.
Less
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values?
-5 to -100 millivolts
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
On average, prokaryotes are approximately
10 times smaller than eukaryotes
Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is
1000 times as acidic as distilled water
At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ sister chromatids
16
In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...
2 electrons and 1 proton
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during
Anaphase
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of
Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
A stack of thylakoids is called a stroma
False
An uncharged species of nitrogen the has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
Bacterial cells divide by mitosis
False
Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle
False
Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells
False
Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants
False
The cells found in the liver of an elephant are about 100 times larger than the cells found in your liver.
False
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is typically coupled with exergonic reactions
False
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?
Fructose
A Gram positive bacterium would...
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
In a cancerous cell, you would expect telomerase activity to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
Hydrogen bonds
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
DNA replication is a
Semi-conservative mechanism
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is
Signal amplification and speed
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low?
W B R G
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
acidic
The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...
beta oxidation
Many simple proteins fold spontaneously by simply interacting with the aqueous environment in which they are synthesized. However, some more complex folding may be achieved by inserting a peptide sequence into a "folding structure" called a...
chaperones
Your skin has a great deal of mechanical resistance to stretch. This would indicate that your skin tissue contains a great deal of ...
desmosomes
Some prokaryotes have the ability to survive extreme conditions of heat or drought by developing a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm. The dormant structures that are created are called...
endospores
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...
18-fold
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?
Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?
Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.
Without telomerase
Chromosomes would shorten at the 3' ends at every DNA replication
Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp)
False
During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases
G1, S, and G2 only
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
Gap junctions
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
DNA polymerases read the DNA
In the 3' to 5' direction
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrin proteins
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?
It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen It leads to the production of lactic acid It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
Which of the following is true about a triploid organism with a n=3 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle
It would have 9 linear chromosomes
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?
Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
Which of the following is true about tumors
Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases. Tumors release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels. Tumors can sometimes be fought via immunotherapy.
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
The oxidation of macromolecules that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?
Peroxisomes
The process through which eukaryotes absorb ("eat") solid particles is called...
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a reason for mitotic cell division?
Pollen production in flowers
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
Typically, the longest phase of the cell cycle is
The G1 phase
During mitosis, the protein complex that anchors the replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus is called
The kinetochore
A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
True
A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
True
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?
A nucleotide
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?
2
The membrane that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in plants is known as
A cell plate
The plasma membrane is best described as:
A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
(True/False) Imagine a scenario where ions (sodium or chloride, for instance) are segregated across a membrane that contains leak channels for these ions. Once the system reaches an equilibrium at which you can no longer observe a net ionic movement, you would expect the concentration of ions on both sides of the membrane to be equal. (Hint: this scenario would be different from what you would observe in the case of uncharged/nonpolar molecules)
False
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
A freshwater fish would not survive when placed in sea water. This is partly because the sea water is __________ to the cells of the freshwater fish, and the fish would constantly __________ water.
Hypertonic - lose
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?
It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme upstream in the same pathway (thereby slowing down the whole pathway) is called...
feedback inhibition
You would expect the transmembrane domain of an integral protein to be...
hydrophobic