bio final

Match the organelle to the description of its structural components.

-granular body within an organelle which consists of RNA and protein --->nucleolus -large membranous sacs of plants and fungi--> vacuoles -encloses an internal thylakoid membrane -->plastids -membrane sacs in animals -->lysosome -ribosomes stud its outer surface --> rough endoplasmic reticulum -rodlike structures consisting of actin -->microfilaments

`During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt × BBtt will have black fur and long tails?

1/2

An animal with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have ____ chromosomes in its gametes and ____ chromosomes in its somatic cells.

18; 36

A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be _______

3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'.

Given the DNA segment below, what is its complement? 5' A A G G C T T A C G 3'

3' T T C C G A A T G C 5'

A chlorine atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

35 amu

The complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields a maximum of how many ATPs?

36 to 38

Which best summarizes the overall reactions of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

In the accompanying figure, which combination of letters accurately represents two sister chromatids?

A and C

In the accompanying figure, which combination of letters accurately represents two homologous chromosomes?

A and D

Mutagen

A chemical or physical agent that changes to DNA structure

What is typically the result of receptor upregulation?

A hormone's signal is amplified.

Which of the following describes an amphipathic molecule?

A phospholipid with both a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end

Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?

A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase

What is required for facilitated diffusion to take place?

A transmembrane protein

What is needed in the following reaction: ____ + Pi + energy → ADP.

AMP

Which segment of DNA complements the given strand TACCGATG

ATGGCTAC

The electron transport chain forms a concentration gradient for H+, which diffuses through ATP synthase complexes, producing ____.

ATP

Which is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

A black guinea pig crossed with a guinea pig with albinism produced 12 black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, six blacks and six albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation?

Albinism is a recessive trait; black is a dominant trait.

Which statement best describes the cell theory?

All living organisms are composed of basic units called cells.

What differentiates an organic compound from an inorganic compound?

An organic compound contains carbon.

During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase II

Which of the following is produced by meiosis?

Animal gametes

What facilitates the rapid transport of water through the plasma membrane?

Aquaporins

Which statement best describes autotrophic organisms?

Autotrophs synthesize macromolecules from CO2, water, and energy.

What happens during the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions?

Both D and E; -Glucose molecules are transported against their concentration gradient. -Sodium ions are transported down their concentration gradient.

Which reaction is the aerobic respiration of glucose?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy

What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?

CO2, ATP, and NADPH

How do competitive inhibitors hinder biochemical reactions?

Competitive inhibitors reduce the concentration of substrate

Which event occurs in prophase II?

Condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes

Codon

Correct Answerthree consecutive nucleotides of mRNA

Name the part of the cell outside the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?

Cytosol

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

What is the reaction in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate and transferred to NAD+ or FAD?

Dehydrogenation

The unlettered circle at the top of the figure shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes that have not yet replicated. There are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is black, and the other is gray. The circles labeled A to E show various combinations of these chromosomes.

E

During chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules?

Electrons

Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.

What cellular process is represented in the accompanying figure?

Exocytosis

Which cellular mechanism ejects products, such as hormones, by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane?

Exocytosis

Which statement about mRNA processing is NOT true?

Exons individually leave the mRNA and move to the tRNA.

A beta-pleated sheet is an example of a protein's tertiary structure.

False

A nucleosome consists of DNA wrapped around scaffolding proteins.

False

An animal zygote is a haploid cell.

False

An example of an anion is K+.

False

In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the G2 phase.

False

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach directly to each chromosome at the centromere.

False

Since a carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, it can complete its valence shell by forming a total of 4 hydrogen bonds.

False

The stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle.

False

Which statement about the accompanying figures is true?

Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

After the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules have been produced from one glucose molecule?

Four

How many covalent bonds are formed by carbon atoms, producing a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes?

Four

Once nerve cells become mature, they do not typically undergo cell division. Based on your knowledge of the cell cycle, you might predict that mature nerve cells become arrested in the ____ of the cell cycle.

G0 phase

____ ______________organized on chromosomes carry the information that controls the functions of the cell.

Genes

Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white. What is the most probable genotype of each parent?

Gg × Gg

Which of the following is a series of reactions in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate and electrons are transferred to carriers?

Glycolysis

Proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

Golgi complex.

A group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast?

Granum

What color does chlorophyll reflect?

Green

AA

Homozygous dominant

Identify three of the five basic themes in biology: I. The cellular composition of life II. The evolution of life III. The interactions of living systems IV. The mechanisms of disease V. The transmission of information

II, III, and V

The Snapdragon plant can produce red, white, or pink flowers .The flower color trait in Snapdragons is an example of which of the following?

Incomplete dominance

What evolutionary advantage is provided by sexual reproduction?

Increased genetic diversity

What refers to the alteration of an enzyme's shape due to binding of substrate?

Induced fit

What are compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structures and different molecules?

Isomers

Which best describes a catabolic reaction?

It involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.

A receptor on the cell surface usually has several domains. What is the function of the external domain?

It is the docking site for a signaling molecule.

Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. What is the significance of the structural arrangement?

It permits complementary base pairing.

A patient who has had a severe hemorrhage accidentally receives a large transfusion of distilled water directly into a major blood vessel. What effect will this have on the patient?

It will have serious, perhaps fatal consequences because the red blood cells could swell and burst.

What is the function of kinetochores?

Kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis.

During which phase of photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH synthesized?

Light-dependent phase

What are the two phases of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions

Why are males more often affected by sex-linked traits than females?

Males are only have 1 X chromosome and therefore express the gene they inherit from their mother.

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Mitochondrial matrix

The genetic code is redundant. What is meant by this statement?

More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.

What transmits information electrically and chemically?

Neurons

Which of the following would be classified as a CAM plant?

Orchid

Which chemical process occurs in which a substance loses electrons?

Oxidation

Which proteins are located on the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane, usually bound to exposed regions of integral proteins by noncovalent interactions?

Peripheral membrane proteins

The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration is the result of what process?

Phosphorylation of ADP

What is the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules?

Photosynthesis

Mammalian red blood cells contain which type of membrane?

Plasma membrane

Which process is most directly associated with the theory of evolution?

Populations changing over time

Which part of the chlorophyll molecule is responsible for absorbing light?

Porphyrin ring

Which molecule is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?

Potassium ion

You are out cycling and start to climb a hill. As you crest the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?

Potential energy

Which phase of cell division is depicted in the accompanying figure?

Prophase I of meiosis

During aerobic respiration, what molecule is degraded to form acetyl coenzyme A?

Pyruvate

DNA is replicated at this time of the cell cycle:

S

Chromosomes are duplicated during the ____ of the cell cycle.

S phase

You light a scented candle in the guest bathroom. Within a few minutes, you can smell the candle's scent throughout the hallway. What process is occurring?

Simple diffusion

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

____ contain identical DNA sequences and are held together by ____ during mitosis.

Sister chromatids; cohesin proteins

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Skin pigmentation in humans

What type of molecule can rapidly cross a plasma membrane?

Small, hydrophobic molecules

What is not a hallmark of prophase?

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.

What is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?

Stroma

How does the scanning electron microscope differ from the transmission electron microscope?

The SEM yields a 3D image of the object being studied.

Early observations of a cultured cell line indicated that the cells did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What do these observations suggest about this cell line?

The cells show characteristics of tumors.

When is a cell in metaphase?

The chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell.

Under which of the following situations would receptor downregulation most likely occur?

The concentration of a hormone is too high.

Why are hydrocarbons considered hydrophobic?

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar.

How do the phospholipids in vegetable oil differ from those of animal fat?

The fatty acid tails bend.

Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

The interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation.

Which statement about lipid bilayers is false?

The lipid bilayer is created by two layers of triglycerides.

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?

The sun

Figure 5-1 ​ Refer to the accompanying figure. Which best describes what is happening to the red blood cells in Fig. A?

There has been no net water movement.

In the accompanying figure, what is the role of the structures between the membranes?

They allow the transport of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells.

Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments in is true?

They are formed on the lagging strand of DNA.

Which is a property of unsaturated fats?

They are generally liquid at room temperature.

Which statement about van der Waal interactions is false?

They are very strong.

Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?

They carry information for the same traits.

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is false?

They contain three fatty acids chains.

Where is the electron transport chain of photosynthesis located?

Thylakoid membrane

What is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration?

To accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

What is the purpose of the cristae of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

To increase surface area

An atom that has a filled valence shell is stable and unreactive.

True

Cell-cycle checkpoints temporarily block key events from being initiated during the cell cycle.

True

Cellulose is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells.

True

Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate during meiosis I.

True

The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of ATP.

True

The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

True

Which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation?

Yogurt

A cleavage furrow is _____.

a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely ________.

a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

To prevent disastrous consequences, the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by

a series of cell cycle checkpoints.

If yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted first to ____ and then to ____.

acetaldehyde; ethyl alcohol

Refer to the accompanying figure. The line on the graph labeled B represents the ____.

activation energy with an enzyme

The region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the ______.

active site

Which of the following individuals will inherit an X-linked allele from a man who carries it?

all of his daughters

Multicellular organisms utilize cell division for ____

all of these processes; growth, development and repair

Some enzymes have a receptor site that is other than the active site. This is also referred to as a(n) ____ site.

allosteric

Polypeptides (proteins) are assembled from _____.

amino acids

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

What is an allele?

an alternative version of a gene

When tissues organize, what do they form?

an organ

What is the smallest chemical unit that retains the characteristic properties of a given element?

atom

How can we identify a particular element?

by its number of protons

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make ____.

cell membranes

Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs via the formation of a(n)

cell plate

DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called:

chromatin

During prophase, ____ is(are) compacted into visible chromosomes.

chromatin

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

chromatin.

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in which sequence?

cis face to medial region to trans face

One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells

continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.

Topoisomerase

corrects "overwinding" during replications

Cross involving the inheritance pattern of 2 traits

dihybrid cross

DNA polymerase

directs DNA replication

RNA polymerase

directs transcription

The allele that is EXPRESSED in a heterozygous genotype

dominant

purine

double-ring nitrogenous base in DNA or RNA

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

The helical coil shape of an α-helix fibrous protein provides what type of property to that protein?

elasticity

The sodium-potassium pump is a carrier protein that maintains a(n) ____ gradient across the plasma membrane.

electrochemical

Nucleosomes are best described as

eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins

Suppose the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products. Such a reaction is referred to as a(n) ____.

exergonic reaction

A combination of adhesive and cohesive forces accounts for surface tension.

false

A pyrimidine is a double-ring molecule.

false

When an electron returns to its ground state, energy will be released as heat or as an emission of light, known as

fluorescence.

Post-translational modifications of proteins may include which of the following processes?

folding of the polypeptide into a tertiary protein

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

four ... haploid

When we know what kinds of ____ are present in an organic compound, we can predict its chemical behavior.

functional groups

Information in living organisms is transmitted by which mechanism(s)?

genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters

The actual genetic makeup of an individual; usually expressed in pairs of letters

genotype

What protects a cell and may help keep other cells at a distance?

glycocalyx

What carbohydrate energy storage molecule is found in animal liver and muscle cells?

glycogen

Which of the following is a purine base found in nucleotides?

guanine

Which strategy is the most effective for larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio?

having thin, finger-like projections

Aa

heterozygous

aa

homozygous recessive

The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to _________.

hydrogen bonds

ATP is formed when ____ the thylakoid lumen.

hydrogen ions leave

Sugar dissolves readily in water because it is a(n) ____ substance.

hydrophilic

In a lipid bilayer, __________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

hydrophobic

If the concentration of solutes in a cell is less than the concentration of solutes in the surrounding fluid, then the extracellular fluid is said to be

hypertonic.

The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of ____ and the mitotic (M) phases.

interphase

A transmembrane protein differs from other membrane proteins because

it completely extends through the membrane.

DNA ligase

joins segments of DNA together

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor is called a ______________.

ligand

Typically, the gate of an ion channel remains closed until a(n) ____ binds to the receptor.

ligand

Energy that is usable and organized is classified as having ___

low entropy

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.

lower energy; higher energy

The primary purpose of homeostasis is to:

maintain a constant internal environment

Human gametes are produced by _____.

meiosis

Sodium-potassium pumps help to maintain a separation of charges across the plasma membrane, which is called the _________________.

membrane potential

In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:

metabolism

The mitotic spindle is made of

microtubules.

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?

mitosis

The M phase of the cell cycle involves two main processes:

mitosis and cytokinesis.

Which of the following serves as a framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division?

mitotic spindle

The ____ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during the ____ of mitosis.

mitotic spindle; anaphase

Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:

neutrons only

G1 is associated with which of the following cellular events?

normal growth and cell function

When a nucleic acid undergoes hydrolysis, the resulting subunits are:

nucleotides

Transcription occurs in the ____

nucleus

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined most directly by the:

number of valence electrons

Semiconservative replication involves a template. What is the template?

one strand of the DNA molecule

Specialized structures within a living cell are known as ___________. Correct! organelles.

organelles.

Unlike lipids, hydrophilic functional groups typically contain ____ atoms, which make them more soluble in water.

oxygen

template

pattern

The PHYSICAL expression of a gene

phenotype

Which of the following atoms can form five covalent bonds?

phosphorus

A cell is surrounded by which distinctive surface membrane?

plasma membrane

What is a characteristic found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane

Which carbohydrate is the most structurally complex?

polysaccharide

All members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute a(n):

population

By definition, an organism that is eukaryotic:

possesses a nucleus

Which sequence represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem?

producers → consumers → decomposers

Which cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles?

prokaryotic cells

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.

prophase II

The energy released during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ____ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis.

proton

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of

pyruvate.

The allele that is ONLY expressed in the homozygous genotype

recessive

What does the nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesize?

ribosomal RNA

Which cellular structure is correctly matched to the role it plays within the cell?

ribosome−makes proteins

antiparallel

running side-by-side but in opposite directions

The accompanying image is the product of which type of microscope?

scanning electron microscope

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

secondary cell wall−glycoproteins

The DNA molecule carries a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?

sequence of bases

telomeres

specialized nucleotide segments at the ends of chromosomes

helix

spiral

The representation H−O−H is known as a(n):

structural formula

Glucose and fructose are ____ because they have identical molecular formulas but their atoms are arranged differently.

structural isomers

Which event illustrates evaporative cooling? -a tea kettle whistling -sweat evaporating from the skin -ice cubes floating in a glass of water -a fish not freezing in an ice-covered pond -salt dissolving in a pot of water with potatoes

sweat evaporating from the skin

Which type of RNA is used to move amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA

A molecule of a saturated triacylglycerol contains:

the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains

The term "fluid mosaic model" refers to

the movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bilayer.

Homologous chromosomes can be identified and/or characterized by

their similar and characteristic staining patterns.

triplet

three consecutive DNA nucleotides

Anticodon

three consecutive bases of tRNA

Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein molecule?

three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain

Which stimulus most directly causes the Venus flytrap to catch an insect?

touch

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

transformation of energy

The movement of DNA from one chromosomes to a non-homologous chromosome is called ____

translocation

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

two

Which of the following fatty acids include one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond?

unsaturated fatty acids

helicase

unwinds DNA

In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must constantly

use energy.

semiconservative

using template DNA and new bases during DNA synthesis

Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?

vacuole

What substance is removed during a condensation reaction?

water