Bio Final Exam- Quiz Questions
What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 6000 birds that has 60 births per 600 birds, 20 death per 600 birds, 10 immigrants per 600 birds, and 10 emigrants per 600 birds?
0.0667
Refer to the accompanying table. What is the allele frequency of allele D? Genotype Number DD 100 Dd 700 dd 200
0.45 total alleles= 2000 D= (100x2)+700=900 900?2000= 0.45
In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.4. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this locus, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)?
0.48 p^2+2pq+q^2 √0.4 =0.63 1-0.63=0.37 2(0.37)(0.63)=0.48
Which beetle phenotype has the highest probability of survival?
2
In a certain population, the allele frequencies of the M and N blood group alleles are 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. How many of a population of 500 would be expected to have MN blood type if the population is in genetic equilibrium for the MN locus?
240 p^2+2pq+q^2 2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48 500(0.48)=240.
Which statement describes a temperate virus?
A temperate virus does not always destroy its host.
Which statement describes a virulent phage?
A virulent phage destroys bacteria.
Whose findings of evolution by natural selection were presented with those of Darwin?
Alfred Wallace
Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.
Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?
Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.
A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:
Batesian Mimicry.
Which statement about biomass is FALSE?
Biomass reduction from one trophic level to the next is approximately 50%.
The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era.
Cenozoic.
Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
Domain.
Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.
Echinoidea.
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?
External respiratory surfaces
A characteristic that is independently acquired by reversal or convergent evolution exhibits homology.
False.
A(n) paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor.
False.
Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta.
False.
The potential ecological niche of a species is its realized niche.
False.
When a population goes through a bottleneck, genetic drift occurs in the large population of survivors of a severe change in environment.
False.
In an ecosystem, which measure of energy is the largest in amount or rate?
Gross primary productivity
The event in human history that changed the natural balance of the carbon cycle was the
Industrial Revolution.
Which statement best describes a lophophore?
It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth.
Plasmogamy is the process that marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle. At some point the two nuclei in the dikaryotic cell fuse and form a zygote nucleus. This process is called Mitosis .
Karyogamy; Plasmogamy
Which of the following would increase population size?
Natality.
Which of the following relationships is incorrectly paired?
Nesting seabirds—random dispersion
Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?
Oviparous.
Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?
Porifera.
How do retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses?
Retroviruses have reverse transcriptase instead of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?
Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat.
____ generally have greater population densities than less suitable sites.
Source populations
Order ____ includes the snakes.
Squamata.
Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.
Testudines.
If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?
The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
The desiccating effect of the atmosphere
Which of the following is characteristic of flatworms?
They are acoelomate (have no body cavity).
How do leeches differ from other annelids?
They do not have setae or parapodia.
Which is a characteristic of all annelids?
They have a segmented body.
Which statement about decomposers is FALSE?
They include bacteria but not fungi.
Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?
They lack vascular tissues.
Which characteristic defines a virus?
Viruses cannot metabolize.
Clumped dispersion is often influenced by:
a patchy distribution of resources.
Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?
a population.
In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What does this illustrate?
adaptive radiation.
A community consists of ____ species in a given area.
all.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into
ammonia.
The tetrapods include:
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
In Experimental Condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Balanus suggests that:
an unfavorable environmental factor kept Balanus from extending higher into the intertidal area.
The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:
angiosperms
The head end of an animal is known as its:
anterior end.
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
antheridium.
One true characteristic of all animals is that they:
are heterotrophs
At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?
assembly.
Which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?
b = 1000, d = 500, i = 500, e = 1000
The community found on a rotting log would include:
bacteria
Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:
binomial system of nomenclature.
Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?
birds.
Sea stars are primarily:
carnivores.
Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in:
club mosses.
In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell?
cnidocytes
The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:
competition.
Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution.
convergent.
Denitrifying bacteria
convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen.
Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ____, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ____.
ctenophores; endoderm
The Coriolis effect results in the
deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth.
Indeterminate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.
deuterostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process
Which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil?
earthworms.
An organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its:
ecological niche.
Community ____ is the description and analysis of patterns and processes within a community.
ecology.
After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus.
false.
Algae and cyanobacteria are examples of primary consumers.
false.
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.
false.
Echinoderms are related to vertebrates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.
false.
herbivore occupies the third trophic level.
false.
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers.
Mycorrhizae are associations between:
fungi and plant root.
What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?
gametangia.
Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:
gammae
Cells of the blastula undergo ____, a process that forms and segregates the three germ layers.
gastrulation.
What best describes all of the alleles for all the loci present in a population?
gene pool.
Organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as______.
herbivores.
If individuals in the same town continue to only mate with other individuals from the same town, one would expect to see an increase in ____ within the population.
homozygosity
Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?
horizontal gene transfer
In a population characterized by type III survivorship, the probability of survival ____ with age.
increases.
Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?
individual cells
According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not ____ with members of different species.
interbreed.
In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:
interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.
The nervous system of many species of flatworms
is a "ladder-type."
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:
lay eggs.
A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:
monophyletic
Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:
more specialized
Taxonomists tend to use the ____ to characterize species for classification.
morphological species concept
The enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle?
nitrogen fixation.
Bacteria are most essential in the cycling of
nitrogen.
A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):
outgroup
A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):
outgroup.
When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ can be employed to pick the "best" hypothesis.
parsimony
In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes dies, the parasite is called a(n):
pathogen.
Solar radiation
powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles.
Which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks?
radula.
The five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, __________, assembly, and release.
replication.
Which is critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion?
setae.
Populations that experience significant contest competition:
show great changes in population size over time.
Angiosperms have ____ in their phloem.
sieve tube elements
The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:
snail.
The logistic equation:
takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment.
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle?
the carbon cycle.
Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:
the use of trachea.
Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:
therapsids.
How many domains form the three main branches of the tree of life?
three.
The organisms occupying the base of a pyramid of energy are autotrophs.
true.
The fertilization process of flowering plants involves ____ nuclear fusion(s).
two.
Ctenophores capture food:
using adhesive glue cells that trap prey
How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?
wind.
If a population of 1000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, 460 Aa genotypes, and 420 AA genotypes, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele (A)?
0.65 total alleles= 2000 A= (420x2)+460=1300 1300/2000=0.65
What ecosystem has the highest rate of primary productivity?
Algal beds and reefs
What is a prophage?
It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA.
Who is responsible for the first concept regarding the passing on traits or characteristics that were acquired during the lifetime of an organism to its offspring?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
An example of mutualism is:
Rhizobium and legumes.
How are bacteria important to the genus Rhizobium?
They provide fixed nitrogen to legumes.
The term "clade" most closely refers to:
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
Gas exchange in arachnids takes place by tracheal tubes, ____, or both.
book lungs.
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
capsid
Which of the following is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?
chlorophylls A and B plastids.
Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?
crustaceans.
Like the cnidarians, flatworms depend on ____ for achieving circulation and gas exchange.
diffusion.
Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of:
diploid and haploid stages.
In flowering plants, the ____ generation is dominant.
diploid sporophyte
Echinoderms are characterized by bilateral symmetry in adults, a water vascular system, tube feet, and spiny skin.
false.
Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.
false.
Source habitats are areas where reproductive success is less than local mortality.
false.
The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid.
false.
What is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters?
filter feeders.
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota, and not in any other phyla of fungi, is:
flagellated cells.
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
fronds.
As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a:
fruit.
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:
hydrozoans.
A ______ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.
hypha.
All echinoderms are found:
in marine habitats.
The body wall of cnidarians and ctenophores consist of:
inner and outer cell layers separated by a jelly-like mesoglea
At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?
integration.
Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ___________.
integuments.
Allopatric speciation is often exemplified in which type of geographical area or biome?
islands.
The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:
jointed appendages.
Which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?
leeches.
What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
lysogenic
Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a Chihuahua?
mechanical isolation
Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as:
microevolution.
The veliger larval form is unique to:
molluscs.
In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the:
mouth.
Which process provides the genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution?
mutation
What is the only source of all new alleles in a closed population?
mutation.
What are the two major forces contributing to allopatric speciation?
natural selection and genetic drift
The best definition of population density is the number of individuals:
of one species in a given area at a given time.
A food web is a more realistic depiction than a food chain because
organisms rarely eat just one kind of food.
Which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes?
parapodia
An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:
parasites.
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
phages
Fixation of carbon is accomplished by
photosynthetic organisms.
What is an example of a limit on population growth, and proposed by Darwin to be a mechanism of evolution by natural selection?
predation.
The atmosphere performs several essential ecological functions. One of these is to
protect Earth from most ultraviolet radiation.
The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.
receptor
The anterior end of a tapeworm is known as the:
scolex
Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to which organism?
sea anemones.
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
seed
Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:
seeds.
A monophyletic group is defined by:
shared derived characters.
Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ____ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.
shared derived.
Surplus individuals in the ____ disperse and find another habitat in which to settle and reproduce.
source habitats.
Which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?
spider.
Competition, predation, and ____ are the main types of interactions that occur among species in a community.
symbiosis.
Which best describes a population that forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species?
sympatric speciation
The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:
systematics
Darwin might have made greater advances in his theory of evolution by natural selection if he had:
taken into consideration the work of Gregor Mendel.
Which of the following can produce a population of individuals with a relatively high frequency of a harmful or rare allele?
the founder effect
The ____ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today.
trilobites.
A decomposer is also called a saprotroph.
true.
A killing frost is an example of a density-independent factor.
true.
Animals share a common origin with choanoflagellates.
true.
In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.
true.
In a food chain, producers occupy the first trophic level.
true.
In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte is the embryo sac.
true.
Malpighian tubules are used for excretion.
true.
Members of an r-selected species typically have a short lifespan.
true.
Members of phylum Arthropoda have paired, jointed appendages.
true.
Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle.
true.
Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone.
true.
One member of subphylum Chelicerata is a spider.
true.
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system.
When r = −0.00057, the population size:
will decrease.
An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and:
wing of a bird.