BIO FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Bio Final Exam 2 If adenine (A) makes up 22% of a DNA strand, then what percentage is cytosine (C)?
33%
Bio Final Exam 2 After DNA is copied interphase of the cell cycle, what do the two DNA double helix molecules look like?
DNA half of each double helix is new, half is old
Bio Final Exam 2 Explain how a change in DNA affects the phenotype.
If the DNA sequence (genetic code) is changed through mutation then because the combination of an allelle from each parent is needed to determine the phenotype (physical appearance), the physical appearance of the offspring could be altered, if the mutation is dominant over the nonmutated gene. Reasons this happens are 1- mRNA reading frame is changed 2- the amino acid sequence is changed forcing the mRNA to read a different protein 3- changes the cells ability to translate a protein
Bio Final Exam 2 Explain how the structure of the DNA double helix contributes to the copying of DNA.
The DNA is a ladder-like double helix structure of two strands of DNA held together in the middle with hydrogen bonds. The outside of each strand is a sugar phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds. Because the middle bond is a weak hydrogen connection the structure can be pulled apart easily to create two separate template strands of DNA. These template strands are what is used to form two new coding strands by pairing the bases according to Chargroff's rules (C=G, T=A, etc) that connect to the template strand w/ hydrogen bonds that connect to the template strand w/ hydrogen bonds. A new sugar phosphate backbone is created on the outside of the new coding strand held together w/ covalent bonds.
Bio Final Exam 3 what is the major advantage of bilateral symmetry over radial symmetry
a head and tail allows movement toward food and away from predators
Bio Final Exam 2 Bacterial cloning is a form of biotechnology in which what happens?
a new person is created from stem cells
Bio Final Exam 2 What type of crossing of alleles will result ONLY in homozygous offspring?
aa X aa
Bio Final Exam 2 A __________ is one of two or more alternate versions of a gene
allele
Bio Final Exam 2 A copy of a gene that is inherited from parent to offspring is an _________________
allele
Bio Final Exam 3 natural selection does not cause change but
allows the fittest individuals to survive and reproduce
Bio Final Exam 3 at one point in earths history, the plates of crust on the earths surface were oriented so that all of the land was a single land mass called Pangaea. As the crustal plates began to slowly move, the land mass separated into the continents we recognize today. This resulted in diverse speciation of land animals across the globe. Wat was the result of the animals survival?
animals were geographically isolated and subject to natural selection in new environments
Bio Final Exam 3 all vertebrates, including humans, have a
backbone
Bio Final Exam 1 What organism reproduces asexually?
bacterium
Bio Final Exam 3 organisms w/in the kingdom animalia are further subdivided into groups based on
body plan
Bio Final Exam 1 all life (organic) chemistry is based on the element ___________________
carbon
Bio Final Exam 1 What chemical property of carbon allow the formation of complex structures in biological molecules such as sugars and fats?
carbon can form four covalent bonds
Bio Final Exam 3 What is NOT a requirement of natural selection?
catastrophic events such as mass extinctions
Bio Final Exam 1 What is the smallest unit of life?
cell
Bio Final Exam 3 genetic drift, such as bottlenecking, occurs in small populations and is the result of
chance survival and reproduction
Bio Final Exam 1 Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ____________
chemical energy into kinetic energy
Bio Final Exam 1 in which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplast
Bio Final Exam 3 the theory of endosymbiosis in the origin of eukaryotic cells explains the evolution of which organelles in the modern eukaryotic cell?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
Bio Final Exam 2 When both phenotypes are seen as dominant in the heterozygote it is said to be _____________
codominance
Bio Final Exam 3 What does not describe the splitting of one species into two separate species?
convergent evolution
Bio Final Exam 1 Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by breaking a ______
covalent bond
Bio Final Exam 1 What type of bond is the strongest type of bond that actually shares electrons between the atoms?
covalent bond
Bio Final Exam 1 Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ______
decreasing activation energy to make the reaction go faster
Bio Final Exam 2 An individual who is heterozygous dominant for brown eye color has what kind of alleles for eye color?
different alleles for eye color, one brown and one blue
Bio Final Exam 2 An allele that has control over the phenotype of an organism is a _____________
dominant allele
Bio Final Exam 1 which reaction of cellular respiration (energy harvest) is similar to the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
electron transport chain
Bio Final Exam 1 what properties are common to, or unifies, all life?
energy use
Bio Final Exam 3 what domain contains all eukaryotes?
eukarya
Bio Final Exam 1 Humans are made up of __________ cells
eukaryotic
Bio Final Exam 3 Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is a mathematical description of the alleles for a specific gene in a particular population. If the alleles do not remain in equilibrium, we can say that the population is
evolving
Bio Final Exam 2 Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis I is more likely to occur between genes that are ...
far apart
Bio Final Exam 1 The main purpose of meiosis is to produce ______________
gametes, or sex cells
Bio Final Exam 2 The process of turning on a gene in a cell is called ____
gene expression
Bio Final Exam 2 The way that a cell expresses its genotype as a phenotype is through _____
gene expression, or turning on the gene
Bio Final Exam 2 A controlled mating experiment to analyze the inheritance of a trait is ________
genetic cross
Bio Final Exam 1 Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy __________
get answer
Bio Final Exam 1 If you eat one double cheeseburger and digest it fully, cellular respiration will lose much of its chemical energy to disordered energy in the form of ____________
heat
Bio Final Exam 3 fungi are
heterottophs, decomposers, and composed of chains of cells called hyphae
Bio Final Exam 2 A _______________ is an individual that carries different alleles for a trait
heterozygote
Bio Final Exam 1 Chromosomes in the same cell that appear the same in length and banding pattern but actually came from different parents are called
homologous chromosomes
Bio Final Exam 1 What type of chemical bond is responsible for the ability of water to easily dissolve solutes?
hydrogen bond
Bio Final Exam 2 Alleles that work together to produce a third phenotype for the heterozygote are _____________
incomplete dominance
Bio Final Exam 1 Compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are ________________
larger and more complex
Bio Final Exam 1 What type of energy transfers are possible in living systems?
light energy to chemical energy; chemical energy to kinetic energy; chemical energy to heat energy
Bio Final Exam 3 two populations of organisms are considered to be the same biological species if they
look alike
Bio Final Exam 2 Transcription is the first step in the flow of genetic information and involves
making an RNA strand that is identical to one strand of the DNA
Bio Final Exam 1 Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by
making cellulose from carbon dioxide
Bio Final Exam 2 A Punnett square is a visual representation of what two biological events that lead to genetic variation in offspring?
meiosis and random fertilization
Bio Final Exam 2 What carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
messenger RNA
Bio Final Exam 2 What must be processed after synthesis to remove introns and stick exons together?
messenger RNA
Bio Final Exam 1 Polysaccharides are polymers of ____________
monosaccharides
Bio Final Exam 2 A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene is ______
mutation
Bio Final Exam 3 the small changes in an organism that lead to genetic variation in a population and that are necessary for natural selection arise through
mutation, meiotic crossing over, random fertilization
Bio Final Exam 1 Unlike in prokaryotic cells, the DNA of eukaryotic cells is found w/in the _____________
nucleus
Bio Final Exam 3 natural selection results in
offspring better suited to the current environment
Bio Final Exam 1 What are the specialized functioning compartments of a eukaryotic cell called?
organelles
Bio Final Exam 3 the fact that the flipper of a whale and the arm of a human both have five digits and the same set of bones can be used to illustrate that
organisms share common characteristics because they share a common ancestor
Bio Final Exam 3 what was most important to the continuity of abiotic life?
origin of self replicating molecules, such as RNA
Bio Final Exam 2 Human males determine the sex of their offspring because they...
pass a X chromosome to all their daughters
Bio Final Exam 2 Specific version of a genetic trait displayed by an individual, for example, brown hair color is _________
phenotype
Bio Final Exam 1 In the lab, you are looking at a sample of pond water and you find a cell that has a nucleus, a central vacuole, and a cell wall, so it must be a _______________ cell
plant
Bio Final Exam 2 Chromosomes are packaged in eukaryotic cells using ____
protein
Bio Final Exam 3 protozoa, slmime molds, algae, and seaweed are evolutionarily related as members of the kingdom of
protists
Bio Final Exam 3 you are examining a fossil record in which a series of fossils in one time period shows very little change. However, in the next time period, the fossils show a large change fro the previous layer, but little change w/in the time period. This would be speciation on a ____- time scale
punctuated
Bio Final Exam 1 Name a function of the plasma membrane
regulation of the movement of material into and out of the cell
Bio Final Exam 1 how does cutting down trees contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming?
replacing large carbon fixing organisms w/ smaller ones, removing carbon fixing organisms, and shifting the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere
Bio Final Exam 2 What, with several proteins, makes up the ribosome?
ribosomal RNA
Bio Final Exam 2 The process of translation in a cell is the making of protein using the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. This process occurs in...
ribosomes in the cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum
Bio Final Exam 3 for plants to adapt to land, the innovation of ____ was necessary to provide an anchor for the plant and to provide water from the ground
roots
Bio Final Exam 2 A gene that occurs only on an X or Y chromosome is ________
sex linked
Bio Final Exam 3 Individuals w/ an intermediate phenotype due to a heterozygous genotype (Aa) are selected in a population instead of individuals w/ either extreme phenotype due to a homozygous genotype (either AA or aa). this is an example of
stabilizing selection
Bio Final Exam 2 During translation, the cell relies on stop codons to know when to end the protein. Which of the following is true about stop codons?
stop codons do not have a tRNA that binds to them
Bio Final Exam 1 Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are both ___
surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA molecules
Bio Final Exam 1 What is the main purpose of interphase during the cell cycle?
synthesis, or doubling of DNA, and cell growth
Bio Final Exam 2 In the ribosome, the messenger RNA (mRNA) is read in groups of three bases called codons. The transfer RNA (tRNA) is able to read these codons using an anticodon. This is possible because why?
tRNA anticodon is complementary (opposite sequence) to the mRNA codon
Bio Final Exam 3 the study of the naming, organization, and classification of living organisms is
taxonomy
Bio Final Exam 3 what climate change forced the adaptation of seeds instead of spores like those produced by ferns and mosses?
the climate became drier
Bio Final Exam 1 Osmosis can be defined as
the diffusion of water
Bio Final Exam 3 gene flow describes
the movement of alleles into and out of a population
Bio Final Exam 2 The DNA in organisms of different species differs in what?
the sequence of nucleotides w/in the DNA
Bio Final Exam 1 The ultimate source of the energy in all food is
the sun
Bio Final Exam 3 modern bacteria are most like ancient precells because
they are simple w/ a cell membrane surrounding a mix of proteins and DNA
Bio Final Exam 3 The concept of biological species cannot be applied to bacteria because
they do not undergo sexual reproduction to produce offspring
Bio Final Exam 1 What is the most important reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids?
to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll A cannot
Bio Final Exam 2 What has both an anticodon and an amino acid charging site?
transfer RNA
Bio Final Exam 2 What translates information from nucleotide to amino acid language?
transfer RNA
Bio Exam 1 The term anaerobic means
w/out oxygen
Bio Final Exam 1 The waste products of cellular respiration (energy harvest) include
water and carbon dioxide
Bio Final Exam 2 a true breeding plant w/ yellow seeds is crossed w/ a true breeding plant w/ green seeds, and the seeds of all the offspring are yellow. What can we say about the trait for green seeds?
yellow is dominant to green
Bio Final Exam 3 charles darwin provided multiple examples of evolution on the galapagos islands. These examples helped explain his ideas about
~animal populaitons adapted to their environment by small changes over many generations ~natural selection ~descent w/ modification
Bio Final Exam 1 Active transport does what?
~can move solutes against their concentration gradient ~requires the cell to expend energy ~can involve the transport of ions
Bio Final Exam 3 What contributed to evolution theory?
~comparative anatomy of related animals ~presence of vestigial organs in modern animals ~comparative embryology of vertebrates
Bio Final Exam 3 the innovation of flowers in angiosperms (flowering plants) compared to gymnosperms(conifers) is mainly that the
~flowers are pretty so fertilization is more likely to take place ~flowers and fruit protect the ovule and developing embryos
Bio Final Exam 1 When chromosomes begin to move during anaphase of mitosis, why is it important that all centromeres on the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle?
~so the correct number of chromosomes goes to each daughter cell ~so that a complete set of chromosomes goes to each daughter cell ~so that the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell
Bio Final Exam 2 A mutation in a gene can cause a change in phenotype if the change in DNA changes what?
~the reading frame of the mRNA ~the amino acid sequence in the protein to make a different protein ~the ability of the cell to begin translating protein
Bio Final Exam 2 The difference between different cell types, such as a liver cell and a mammary cell is what?
~they each have a different set of genes turned off ~they each have a different set of genes turned on
