BIO FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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Bio Final Exam 2 If adenine (A) makes up 22% of a DNA strand, then what percentage is cytosine (C)?

33%

Bio Final Exam 2 After DNA is copied interphase of the cell cycle, what do the two DNA double helix molecules look like?

DNA half of each double helix is new, half is old

Bio Final Exam 2 Explain how a change in DNA affects the phenotype.

If the DNA sequence (genetic code) is changed through mutation then because the combination of an allelle from each parent is needed to determine the phenotype (physical appearance), the physical appearance of the offspring could be altered, if the mutation is dominant over the nonmutated gene. Reasons this happens are 1- mRNA reading frame is changed 2- the amino acid sequence is changed forcing the mRNA to read a different protein 3- changes the cells ability to translate a protein

Bio Final Exam 2 Explain how the structure of the DNA double helix contributes to the copying of DNA.

The DNA is a ladder-like double helix structure of two strands of DNA held together in the middle with hydrogen bonds. The outside of each strand is a sugar phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds. Because the middle bond is a weak hydrogen connection the structure can be pulled apart easily to create two separate template strands of DNA. These template strands are what is used to form two new coding strands by pairing the bases according to Chargroff's rules (C=G, T=A, etc) that connect to the template strand w/ hydrogen bonds that connect to the template strand w/ hydrogen bonds. A new sugar phosphate backbone is created on the outside of the new coding strand held together w/ covalent bonds.

Bio Final Exam 3 what is the major advantage of bilateral symmetry over radial symmetry

a head and tail allows movement toward food and away from predators

Bio Final Exam 2 Bacterial cloning is a form of biotechnology in which what happens?

a new person is created from stem cells

Bio Final Exam 2 What type of crossing of alleles will result ONLY in homozygous offspring?

aa X aa

Bio Final Exam 2 A __________ is one of two or more alternate versions of a gene

allele

Bio Final Exam 2 A copy of a gene that is inherited from parent to offspring is an _________________

allele

Bio Final Exam 3 natural selection does not cause change but

allows the fittest individuals to survive and reproduce

Bio Final Exam 3 at one point in earths history, the plates of crust on the earths surface were oriented so that all of the land was a single land mass called Pangaea. As the crustal plates began to slowly move, the land mass separated into the continents we recognize today. This resulted in diverse speciation of land animals across the globe. Wat was the result of the animals survival?

animals were geographically isolated and subject to natural selection in new environments

Bio Final Exam 3 all vertebrates, including humans, have a

backbone

Bio Final Exam 1 What organism reproduces asexually?

bacterium

Bio Final Exam 3 organisms w/in the kingdom animalia are further subdivided into groups based on

body plan

Bio Final Exam 1 all life (organic) chemistry is based on the element ___________________

carbon

Bio Final Exam 1 What chemical property of carbon allow the formation of complex structures in biological molecules such as sugars and fats?

carbon can form four covalent bonds

Bio Final Exam 3 What is NOT a requirement of natural selection?

catastrophic events such as mass extinctions

Bio Final Exam 1 What is the smallest unit of life?

cell

Bio Final Exam 3 genetic drift, such as bottlenecking, occurs in small populations and is the result of

chance survival and reproduction

Bio Final Exam 1 Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ____________

chemical energy into kinetic energy

Bio Final Exam 1 in which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

chloroplast

Bio Final Exam 3 the theory of endosymbiosis in the origin of eukaryotic cells explains the evolution of which organelles in the modern eukaryotic cell?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Bio Final Exam 2 When both phenotypes are seen as dominant in the heterozygote it is said to be _____________

codominance

Bio Final Exam 3 What does not describe the splitting of one species into two separate species?

convergent evolution

Bio Final Exam 1 Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by breaking a ______

covalent bond

Bio Final Exam 1 What type of bond is the strongest type of bond that actually shares electrons between the atoms?

covalent bond

Bio Final Exam 1 Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ______

decreasing activation energy to make the reaction go faster

Bio Final Exam 2 An individual who is heterozygous dominant for brown eye color has what kind of alleles for eye color?

different alleles for eye color, one brown and one blue

Bio Final Exam 2 An allele that has control over the phenotype of an organism is a _____________

dominant allele

Bio Final Exam 1 which reaction of cellular respiration (energy harvest) is similar to the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

electron transport chain

Bio Final Exam 1 what properties are common to, or unifies, all life?

energy use

Bio Final Exam 3 what domain contains all eukaryotes?

eukarya

Bio Final Exam 1 Humans are made up of __________ cells

eukaryotic

Bio Final Exam 3 Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is a mathematical description of the alleles for a specific gene in a particular population. If the alleles do not remain in equilibrium, we can say that the population is

evolving

Bio Final Exam 2 Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis I is more likely to occur between genes that are ...

far apart

Bio Final Exam 1 The main purpose of meiosis is to produce ______________

gametes, or sex cells

Bio Final Exam 2 The process of turning on a gene in a cell is called ____

gene expression

Bio Final Exam 2 The way that a cell expresses its genotype as a phenotype is through _____

gene expression, or turning on the gene

Bio Final Exam 2 A controlled mating experiment to analyze the inheritance of a trait is ________

genetic cross

Bio Final Exam 1 Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy __________

get answer

Bio Final Exam 1 If you eat one double cheeseburger and digest it fully, cellular respiration will lose much of its chemical energy to disordered energy in the form of ____________

heat

Bio Final Exam 3 fungi are

heterottophs, decomposers, and composed of chains of cells called hyphae

Bio Final Exam 2 A _______________ is an individual that carries different alleles for a trait

heterozygote

Bio Final Exam 1 Chromosomes in the same cell that appear the same in length and banding pattern but actually came from different parents are called

homologous chromosomes

Bio Final Exam 1 What type of chemical bond is responsible for the ability of water to easily dissolve solutes?

hydrogen bond

Bio Final Exam 2 Alleles that work together to produce a third phenotype for the heterozygote are _____________

incomplete dominance

Bio Final Exam 1 Compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are ________________

larger and more complex

Bio Final Exam 1 What type of energy transfers are possible in living systems?

light energy to chemical energy; chemical energy to kinetic energy; chemical energy to heat energy

Bio Final Exam 3 two populations of organisms are considered to be the same biological species if they

look alike

Bio Final Exam 2 Transcription is the first step in the flow of genetic information and involves

making an RNA strand that is identical to one strand of the DNA

Bio Final Exam 1 Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by

making cellulose from carbon dioxide

Bio Final Exam 2 A Punnett square is a visual representation of what two biological events that lead to genetic variation in offspring?

meiosis and random fertilization

Bio Final Exam 2 What carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

messenger RNA

Bio Final Exam 2 What must be processed after synthesis to remove introns and stick exons together?

messenger RNA

Bio Final Exam 1 Polysaccharides are polymers of ____________

monosaccharides

Bio Final Exam 2 A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene is ______

mutation

Bio Final Exam 3 the small changes in an organism that lead to genetic variation in a population and that are necessary for natural selection arise through

mutation, meiotic crossing over, random fertilization

Bio Final Exam 1 Unlike in prokaryotic cells, the DNA of eukaryotic cells is found w/in the _____________

nucleus

Bio Final Exam 3 natural selection results in

offspring better suited to the current environment

Bio Final Exam 1 What are the specialized functioning compartments of a eukaryotic cell called?

organelles

Bio Final Exam 3 the fact that the flipper of a whale and the arm of a human both have five digits and the same set of bones can be used to illustrate that

organisms share common characteristics because they share a common ancestor

Bio Final Exam 3 what was most important to the continuity of abiotic life?

origin of self replicating molecules, such as RNA

Bio Final Exam 2 Human males determine the sex of their offspring because they...

pass a X chromosome to all their daughters

Bio Final Exam 2 Specific version of a genetic trait displayed by an individual, for example, brown hair color is _________

phenotype

Bio Final Exam 1 In the lab, you are looking at a sample of pond water and you find a cell that has a nucleus, a central vacuole, and a cell wall, so it must be a _______________ cell

plant

Bio Final Exam 2 Chromosomes are packaged in eukaryotic cells using ____

protein

Bio Final Exam 3 protozoa, slmime molds, algae, and seaweed are evolutionarily related as members of the kingdom of

protists

Bio Final Exam 3 you are examining a fossil record in which a series of fossils in one time period shows very little change. However, in the next time period, the fossils show a large change fro the previous layer, but little change w/in the time period. This would be speciation on a ____- time scale

punctuated

Bio Final Exam 1 Name a function of the plasma membrane

regulation of the movement of material into and out of the cell

Bio Final Exam 1 how does cutting down trees contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming?

replacing large carbon fixing organisms w/ smaller ones, removing carbon fixing organisms, and shifting the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere

Bio Final Exam 2 What, with several proteins, makes up the ribosome?

ribosomal RNA

Bio Final Exam 2 The process of translation in a cell is the making of protein using the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. This process occurs in...

ribosomes in the cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum

Bio Final Exam 3 for plants to adapt to land, the innovation of ____ was necessary to provide an anchor for the plant and to provide water from the ground

roots

Bio Final Exam 2 A gene that occurs only on an X or Y chromosome is ________

sex linked

Bio Final Exam 3 Individuals w/ an intermediate phenotype due to a heterozygous genotype (Aa) are selected in a population instead of individuals w/ either extreme phenotype due to a homozygous genotype (either AA or aa). this is an example of

stabilizing selection

Bio Final Exam 2 During translation, the cell relies on stop codons to know when to end the protein. Which of the following is true about stop codons?

stop codons do not have a tRNA that binds to them

Bio Final Exam 1 Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are both ___

surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA molecules

Bio Final Exam 1 What is the main purpose of interphase during the cell cycle?

synthesis, or doubling of DNA, and cell growth

Bio Final Exam 2 In the ribosome, the messenger RNA (mRNA) is read in groups of three bases called codons. The transfer RNA (tRNA) is able to read these codons using an anticodon. This is possible because why?

tRNA anticodon is complementary (opposite sequence) to the mRNA codon

Bio Final Exam 3 the study of the naming, organization, and classification of living organisms is

taxonomy

Bio Final Exam 3 what climate change forced the adaptation of seeds instead of spores like those produced by ferns and mosses?

the climate became drier

Bio Final Exam 1 Osmosis can be defined as

the diffusion of water

Bio Final Exam 3 gene flow describes

the movement of alleles into and out of a population

Bio Final Exam 2 The DNA in organisms of different species differs in what?

the sequence of nucleotides w/in the DNA

Bio Final Exam 1 The ultimate source of the energy in all food is

the sun

Bio Final Exam 3 modern bacteria are most like ancient precells because

they are simple w/ a cell membrane surrounding a mix of proteins and DNA

Bio Final Exam 3 The concept of biological species cannot be applied to bacteria because

they do not undergo sexual reproduction to produce offspring

Bio Final Exam 1 What is the most important reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids?

to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll A cannot

Bio Final Exam 2 What has both an anticodon and an amino acid charging site?

transfer RNA

Bio Final Exam 2 What translates information from nucleotide to amino acid language?

transfer RNA

Bio Exam 1 The term anaerobic means

w/out oxygen

Bio Final Exam 1 The waste products of cellular respiration (energy harvest) include

water and carbon dioxide

Bio Final Exam 2 a true breeding plant w/ yellow seeds is crossed w/ a true breeding plant w/ green seeds, and the seeds of all the offspring are yellow. What can we say about the trait for green seeds?

yellow is dominant to green

Bio Final Exam 3 charles darwin provided multiple examples of evolution on the galapagos islands. These examples helped explain his ideas about

~animal populaitons adapted to their environment by small changes over many generations ~natural selection ~descent w/ modification

Bio Final Exam 1 Active transport does what?

~can move solutes against their concentration gradient ~requires the cell to expend energy ~can involve the transport of ions

Bio Final Exam 3 What contributed to evolution theory?

~comparative anatomy of related animals ~presence of vestigial organs in modern animals ~comparative embryology of vertebrates

Bio Final Exam 3 the innovation of flowers in angiosperms (flowering plants) compared to gymnosperms(conifers) is mainly that the

~flowers are pretty so fertilization is more likely to take place ~flowers and fruit protect the ovule and developing embryos

Bio Final Exam 1 When chromosomes begin to move during anaphase of mitosis, why is it important that all centromeres on the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle?

~so the correct number of chromosomes goes to each daughter cell ~so that a complete set of chromosomes goes to each daughter cell ~so that the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell

Bio Final Exam 2 A mutation in a gene can cause a change in phenotype if the change in DNA changes what?

~the reading frame of the mRNA ~the amino acid sequence in the protein to make a different protein ~the ability of the cell to begin translating protein

Bio Final Exam 2 The difference between different cell types, such as a liver cell and a mammary cell is what?

~they each have a different set of genes turned off ~they each have a different set of genes turned on


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