Chapter 9: Toward Late Baroque Instrumental Music

The baroque sonata consisted of generally __________movements

four to six

The baroque sonata is a collection of

short movements

Pachelbel was known in his day as a prolific composer for

harpsichord and organ

Basso continuo of Pachelbel's Canon in D Major

has pleasing intervallic patters: fourths alternating with steps

two characteristics of a cadenza

improvised, virtuosic

The baroque concerto second movement

slow; free form

What genre uses ritornello form?

solo concerto

the baroque concerto was a friendly contest between

soloist and orchestra

In all concertos a cadenza is played by

soloists (the concerto)

The baroque concerto terms

soloists: "concertino" ("little concert"); Orchestra: "Tutti" ("Everybody"); solo concerto: one soloist; concerto grosso: two or more soloists

concertino

soloists; "little concert"

What accompanies each concerto in "The Spring"?

sonnet

The Baroque Sonata

instrumental chamber music; a collection of short movements; generally four to six movements; dance-like character; concert music, not dance music.

Johann Pachelbel

known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ

Vivaldi's Spring concerto is marked by a stylistic trait that is often prominent in his music:

melodic sequence

what creates the energy we associate with Baroque style?

melodic sequence

The baroque concerto

most popular, important genre of baroque instrumental music; friendly contest between soloist and orchestra

As the baroque era progressed so did the demand for string music that talented amateurs might play in the home...this demand encouraged the growth of a new genre of instrumental music:

the sonata

What does the term tutti mean?

the whole orchestra, "everybody"

How many musicians are required to play a solo sonata that features a single melody instrument and basso continuo accompaniment?

three

The melody of Pachelbel's cannon is carried by

three violins

In Pachelbel's canon in D major the canon is played by

three violins, all in the same range

What represents thunder and lightning in vivaldis spring concerto?

tremolo: thunder; virtuosic scale-like passages: lightnung

In vivaldi's violin concerto, when represents the birds?

trills

What term is used to describe the full orchestra?

tutti

________plays the ritornello themes

tutti

concerto grosso

two or more solists

solo concerto

one soloist

tutti

orchestra; "everybody"

concerto grosso

two or more soloists

When was "The Spring" composed

published in 1725, but composed earlier

What is the theme of vivaldi's spring concerto called?

ritornello theme

The first four concertos of vivaldi's violin concerto in E major are entitled ________

"The Seasons"

Antonio Vivaldi

(1678-1741); a virtuoso violinist; taught lessons and conducted the orchestra; became music director; composed concertos for his students; more than 450 concertos

Antonio Vivaldi years

1678-1741

Vivaldi composed more than ______ concertos

450

What are the characteristics of ritornello form?

All or part of a main theme returns; tutti plays ritornello theme(s); concertino alternates with virtuosic passages; free number of alternations

Violin Concerto in E major ("The Spring"), written by

Antonio Vivaldi

T/F Audiences typically dances to the music of chamber sonatas, an activity that greatly increased the popularity of the genre

F

What plays the prominent basso continuo on Pachelbel's Canon in D Major?

Low strings and harpsichord

Which composers were active during the early Baroque period?

Monteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, Lully

The baroque orchestra

Renaissance instruments disappeared; violin family dominates sound; harpsichord for basso continuo; Gradually added: pairs of woodwinds, occasionally trumpets and tympani, sometimes french horns

sonata

a type of instrumental chamber music (music for the home with just one player for each part)

Career of Antonio Vivaldi

a virtuoso violinist; he taught lessons and conducted the orchestra; became music director; composed concertos for his students

what supports the entire ensemble?

basso continuo, one usually consisting of a harpsichord to provide chords and one or two low string instruments to play the bass line

What form is the theme of vivaldi's spring concerto in?

binary form

Which type of musical form was most often used for each movement of a sonata?

binary form

Who was known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ

Johann Pachelbel

Johann Pachelbel was known in his day as

a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ

Violin concerto in E major ("the Spring") Vivaldi

the first four concertos entitles "the seasons"; published in 1725, but composed earlier; sonnet accompanies each concerto; vivaldi's best known composition

What is a "Concertino"?

the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso

The baroque concerto

the most popular, important genre of Baroque instrumental music

When the percussion was added to the orchestra

the parts weren't written out, they were improv

What is melodic sequence

the repetition of a musical motive at successfully higher or lower degrees of the scale

Known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ

Johann Pachelbel

Describe the second movement of the baroque concerto

Slow; free form

What was the most popular important genre of Baroque instrumental music?

The Baroque concerto

most popular, important genre of Baroque instrumental music

The Baroque concerto

What is vivaldi's best known composition?

Violin Concerto in E major ("The Spring")

What composition is an example of solo concerto?

Vivladi's "The Spring" Concerto from The Four Seasons

What is a "walking bass"

a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale

a baroque sonata with dance movements was usually called

a chamber sonata

What does a Baroque concerto emphasize?

abrupt contrasts within a unity of mood

Characteristics of ritornello form

all or part of a main theme returns; tutti plays ritornello theme(s); concertino alternates with virtuosic passages; free number of alternations

Pachelbel's canon in D major

canon is played in 3 violins, all in the same range; low strings and harpsichord play prominent basso continuo; basso continuo has pleasing intervallic pattern: fourths alternating with steps

What were the primary genres of composition during the early Baroque period?

chamber cantata, opera, sonata, concerto grosso, dance suite

The baroque sonata was ___________music

concert music; not dance music

soloists

concertino

who plays the solo part of the baroque concerto?

concertino

The baroque sonata is a collection of short movements that have a ____________ character; ________________________

dance-like character; each movement a different dance; popular styles: allemande, sarabande, gavotte, and gigue

Describe the third movement of the baroque concerto

fast; often a rustic, dance-like character; ritornello form

The baroque concerto third movement

fast; often a rustic, dance-like character; ritornello form

Describe the first movement of the Baroque concerto

fast first movement; serious in tone; ritornello form

The baroque concerto first movement:

fast first movement; serious in tone; ritornello form

What is the most popular, important genre of baroque instrumental music

the baroque concerto

____________friendly contest between soloist and orchestra

the baroque concerto

friendly contest between soloist and orchestra

the baroque orchestra

the number of alternations in a baroque concerto is determined by

the composer

What is the most distinctive feature of the concerto grosso?

the contrast in sound between the tutti and concertino