Chapter 9: Toward Late Baroque Instrumental Music
The baroque sonata consisted of generally __________movements
four to six
The baroque sonata is a collection of
short movements
Pachelbel was known in his day as a prolific composer for
harpsichord and organ
Basso continuo of Pachelbel's Canon in D Major
has pleasing intervallic patters: fourths alternating with steps
two characteristics of a cadenza
improvised, virtuosic
The baroque concerto second movement
slow; free form
What genre uses ritornello form?
solo concerto
the baroque concerto was a friendly contest between
soloist and orchestra
In all concertos a cadenza is played by
soloists (the concerto)
The baroque concerto terms
soloists: "concertino" ("little concert"); Orchestra: "Tutti" ("Everybody"); solo concerto: one soloist; concerto grosso: two or more soloists
concertino
soloists; "little concert"
What accompanies each concerto in "The Spring"?
sonnet
The Baroque Sonata
instrumental chamber music; a collection of short movements; generally four to six movements; dance-like character; concert music, not dance music.
Johann Pachelbel
known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ
Vivaldi's Spring concerto is marked by a stylistic trait that is often prominent in his music:
melodic sequence
what creates the energy we associate with Baroque style?
melodic sequence
The baroque concerto
most popular, important genre of baroque instrumental music; friendly contest between soloist and orchestra
As the baroque era progressed so did the demand for string music that talented amateurs might play in the home...this demand encouraged the growth of a new genre of instrumental music:
the sonata
What does the term tutti mean?
the whole orchestra, "everybody"
How many musicians are required to play a solo sonata that features a single melody instrument and basso continuo accompaniment?
three
The melody of Pachelbel's cannon is carried by
three violins
In Pachelbel's canon in D major the canon is played by
three violins, all in the same range
What represents thunder and lightning in vivaldis spring concerto?
tremolo: thunder; virtuosic scale-like passages: lightnung
In vivaldi's violin concerto, when represents the birds?
trills
What term is used to describe the full orchestra?
tutti
________plays the ritornello themes
tutti
concerto grosso
two or more solists
solo concerto
one soloist
tutti
orchestra; "everybody"
concerto grosso
two or more soloists
When was "The Spring" composed
published in 1725, but composed earlier
What is the theme of vivaldi's spring concerto called?
ritornello theme
The first four concertos of vivaldi's violin concerto in E major are entitled ________
"The Seasons"
Antonio Vivaldi
(1678-1741); a virtuoso violinist; taught lessons and conducted the orchestra; became music director; composed concertos for his students; more than 450 concertos
Antonio Vivaldi years
1678-1741
Vivaldi composed more than ______ concertos
450
What are the characteristics of ritornello form?
All or part of a main theme returns; tutti plays ritornello theme(s); concertino alternates with virtuosic passages; free number of alternations
Violin Concerto in E major ("The Spring"), written by
Antonio Vivaldi
T/F Audiences typically dances to the music of chamber sonatas, an activity that greatly increased the popularity of the genre
F
What plays the prominent basso continuo on Pachelbel's Canon in D Major?
Low strings and harpsichord
Which composers were active during the early Baroque period?
Monteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, Lully
The baroque orchestra
Renaissance instruments disappeared; violin family dominates sound; harpsichord for basso continuo; Gradually added: pairs of woodwinds, occasionally trumpets and tympani, sometimes french horns
sonata
a type of instrumental chamber music (music for the home with just one player for each part)
Career of Antonio Vivaldi
a virtuoso violinist; he taught lessons and conducted the orchestra; became music director; composed concertos for his students
what supports the entire ensemble?
basso continuo, one usually consisting of a harpsichord to provide chords and one or two low string instruments to play the bass line
What form is the theme of vivaldi's spring concerto in?
binary form
Which type of musical form was most often used for each movement of a sonata?
binary form
Who was known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel was known in his day as
a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ
Violin concerto in E major ("the Spring") Vivaldi
the first four concertos entitles "the seasons"; published in 1725, but composed earlier; sonnet accompanies each concerto; vivaldi's best known composition
What is a "Concertino"?
the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso
The baroque concerto
the most popular, important genre of Baroque instrumental music
When the percussion was added to the orchestra
the parts weren't written out, they were improv
What is melodic sequence
the repetition of a musical motive at successfully higher or lower degrees of the scale
Known in his day as a prolific composer for harpsichord and organ
Johann Pachelbel
Describe the second movement of the baroque concerto
Slow; free form
What was the most popular important genre of Baroque instrumental music?
The Baroque concerto
most popular, important genre of Baroque instrumental music
The Baroque concerto
What is vivaldi's best known composition?
Violin Concerto in E major ("The Spring")
What composition is an example of solo concerto?
Vivladi's "The Spring" Concerto from The Four Seasons
What is a "walking bass"
a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale
a baroque sonata with dance movements was usually called
a chamber sonata
What does a Baroque concerto emphasize?
abrupt contrasts within a unity of mood
Characteristics of ritornello form
all or part of a main theme returns; tutti plays ritornello theme(s); concertino alternates with virtuosic passages; free number of alternations
Pachelbel's canon in D major
canon is played in 3 violins, all in the same range; low strings and harpsichord play prominent basso continuo; basso continuo has pleasing intervallic pattern: fourths alternating with steps
What were the primary genres of composition during the early Baroque period?
chamber cantata, opera, sonata, concerto grosso, dance suite
The baroque sonata was ___________music
concert music; not dance music
soloists
concertino
who plays the solo part of the baroque concerto?
concertino
The baroque sonata is a collection of short movements that have a ____________ character; ________________________
dance-like character; each movement a different dance; popular styles: allemande, sarabande, gavotte, and gigue
Describe the third movement of the baroque concerto
fast; often a rustic, dance-like character; ritornello form
The baroque concerto third movement
fast; often a rustic, dance-like character; ritornello form
Describe the first movement of the Baroque concerto
fast first movement; serious in tone; ritornello form
The baroque concerto first movement:
fast first movement; serious in tone; ritornello form
What is the most popular, important genre of baroque instrumental music
the baroque concerto
____________friendly contest between soloist and orchestra
the baroque concerto
friendly contest between soloist and orchestra
the baroque orchestra
the number of alternations in a baroque concerto is determined by
the composer
What is the most distinctive feature of the concerto grosso?
the contrast in sound between the tutti and concertino