Chapter 13 The Heart and Heart Disease
bicuspid (mitral) valve
An AV valve that is located between the left atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
An AV valve that is located between the right atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
Artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Superior vena cava
Large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head and upper body
Inferior vena cava
Large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the tissues of the lower body
ECG 3 deflections or waves
P wave-depolarization of the atria. QRS complex-depolarizatio of the ventricles. T wave-repolarization of the ventricles.
arteriosclerosis
"hardening of the arteries" cause by lipids and other substances building up in the arterial walls
atherosclerosis
"hardening of the arteries" cause by lipids and other substances building up on the inside wall of blood vessels
Cardiac dysrhythmia
abnormality of heart rhythm.
Pulmonary veins
any vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
systemic circulation
blood flow from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium
Rheumatic heart disease
cardiac damage resuting from a delayed inflammatory response to streptococcal infection that occurs most often in children
Fibrillation
cardiac muscle muscle fibers are out of step, producing no effective pumping action.
Systole
contraction of the heart
Pericardium
covering of the heart that consists of 2 layers of fibrous tissuewith a small space in between them
myocardial infarction
death of cardiac muscle cells resulting from inadequate blood supply, as in coronary thrombosis
Coronary circulation
delivery of oxygen and removal of waste product from the myocardium (heart muscle)
Endocardium
each chamber is lined by a thin layer of very smooth tissue called______.
Cardiac cycle
each complete heartbeat, includes the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles
AV bundle or Bundle of His
fibers in the heart that relay impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
Left-sided heart failure(congestive heart failure)
inability of Lside to pump effectively, resulting in congestion of the systemic and pulmonary circulations
Heart failure
inability to pump enough returned blood to sustain life.
Endocarditis
inflammation of the lining of the chambers of the heart
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
Right-sided heart failure
it happens because the left side of the heart is not pumping effectively
Incompetent valve
leaky valve
Aortic semilunar valve
located at the beginning of the aorta and allows blood to flow out of the left ventricle up into the aorta but prevents backflow into this ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and allows blood going to the lungs to flow out of the right ventricle but prevents it from flowing back into the ventricle
SL valves or Semilunar valves
located between the 2 ventricular chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart when contraction occurs
aorta
main and largest artery in the body
Stenosed valve
narrow valves that slow blood flow
Extrasystole
premature contraction.
Tachycardia
rapid heart rate.
Diastole
relaxation of the heart
cardiac tamponade
serious compression of the heart
angina pectoris
severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen
Bradycardia
slow heart rate.
Purkinje fibers
specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles, relays impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
Thrombus
stationary blood clot
chordae tendineae
string-like structures that attach the AV valves to the wall of the heart
coronary bypass surgery
surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow, veins are taken from other parts of the body and attached to bypass the partial blockage
AV valves or atrioventrical valves
the 2 valves that separate the atrial chambers from the ventricles
right and left coronary artery
the first arteries to branch of the aorta, they supply blood to the myocardium(heart muscle)
"lub"
the first sound of the heart beat that is caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricles contract
SA node or Sinoatrial node
the heart pacemaker, located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
Parietal pericardium
the outer layer of the pericardium, fits around the heart like a loose-fitting sack that allows the heart to beat
"dub"
the second sound of th heart beat that is caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax(diastole)
Interatrial Septum
the septum between the atrial chambers
Interventricular Septum
the septum between the ventricle chambers
Stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected from the ventriclesduring each beat
Cardiac ouput
the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, average is 5Lin a normal resting adult
Sinus dysrhythmia
variation in heart rate during breathing cycle.
pulmonary circulation
venous blood flow from the right atrium to the lung and then to the left atrium
Ventricle
The 2 lower chambers of the heart, also called discharging chambers because blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that exit from the lower cavities
Atria
The 2 upper chambers of the heart, also called the receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities.
Visceral pericardium
The inner layer of the pericardium also called the epicaridum
Myocardium
The wall of each heart chamber is composed of cardiac muscle tissue
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
a condition affecting the bicuspid valve has a genetic basis in some cases but can result from rheumatic fever
AV node or Atrioventricular node
a small mass od special impulse-generating cardiac muscle tissue located near the junction of the left atrium and ventricle
pericardial fluid
a thim film that furnishes the lubricating moistness between the heart and its enveloping pericardial sac