Chapter 13 The Heart and Heart Disease

bicuspid (mitral) valve

An AV valve that is located between the left atrium and ventricle

Tricuspid valve

An AV valve that is located between the right atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

Artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Superior vena cava

Large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head and upper body

Inferior vena cava

Large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the tissues of the lower body

ECG 3 deflections or waves

P wave-depolarization of the atria. QRS complex-depolarizatio of the ventricles. T wave-repolarization of the ventricles.

arteriosclerosis

"hardening of the arteries" cause by lipids and other substances building up in the arterial walls

atherosclerosis

"hardening of the arteries" cause by lipids and other substances building up on the inside wall of blood vessels

Cardiac dysrhythmia

abnormality of heart rhythm.

Pulmonary veins

any vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

systemic circulation

blood flow from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium

Rheumatic heart disease

cardiac damage resuting from a delayed inflammatory response to streptococcal infection that occurs most often in children

Fibrillation

cardiac muscle muscle fibers are out of step, producing no effective pumping action.

Systole

contraction of the heart

Pericardium

covering of the heart that consists of 2 layers of fibrous tissuewith a small space in between them

myocardial infarction

death of cardiac muscle cells resulting from inadequate blood supply, as in coronary thrombosis

Coronary circulation

delivery of oxygen and removal of waste product from the myocardium (heart muscle)

Endocardium

each chamber is lined by a thin layer of very smooth tissue called______.

Cardiac cycle

each complete heartbeat, includes the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles

AV bundle or Bundle of His

fibers in the heart that relay impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

Left-sided heart failure(congestive heart failure)

inability of Lside to pump effectively, resulting in congestion of the systemic and pulmonary circulations

Heart failure

inability to pump enough returned blood to sustain life.

Endocarditis

inflammation of the lining of the chambers of the heart

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

Right-sided heart failure

it happens because the left side of the heart is not pumping effectively

Incompetent valve

leaky valve

Aortic semilunar valve

located at the beginning of the aorta and allows blood to flow out of the left ventricle up into the aorta but prevents backflow into this ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and allows blood going to the lungs to flow out of the right ventricle but prevents it from flowing back into the ventricle

SL valves or Semilunar valves

located between the 2 ventricular chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart when contraction occurs

aorta

main and largest artery in the body

Stenosed valve

narrow valves that slow blood flow

Extrasystole

premature contraction.

Tachycardia

rapid heart rate.

Diastole

relaxation of the heart

cardiac tamponade

serious compression of the heart

angina pectoris

severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen

Bradycardia

slow heart rate.

Purkinje fibers

specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles, relays impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

Thrombus

stationary blood clot

chordae tendineae

string-like structures that attach the AV valves to the wall of the heart

coronary bypass surgery

surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow, veins are taken from other parts of the body and attached to bypass the partial blockage

AV valves or atrioventrical valves

the 2 valves that separate the atrial chambers from the ventricles

right and left coronary artery

the first arteries to branch of the aorta, they supply blood to the myocardium(heart muscle)

"lub"

the first sound of the heart beat that is caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricles contract

SA node or Sinoatrial node

the heart pacemaker, located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

Parietal pericardium

the outer layer of the pericardium, fits around the heart like a loose-fitting sack that allows the heart to beat

"dub"

the second sound of th heart beat that is caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax(diastole)

Interatrial Septum

the septum between the atrial chambers

Interventricular Septum

the septum between the ventricle chambers

Stroke volume

the volume of blood ejected from the ventriclesduring each beat

Cardiac ouput

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, average is 5Lin a normal resting adult

Sinus dysrhythmia

variation in heart rate during breathing cycle.

pulmonary circulation

venous blood flow from the right atrium to the lung and then to the left atrium

Ventricle

The 2 lower chambers of the heart, also called discharging chambers because blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that exit from the lower cavities

Atria

The 2 upper chambers of the heart, also called the receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities.

Visceral pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium also called the epicaridum

Myocardium

The wall of each heart chamber is composed of cardiac muscle tissue

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

a condition affecting the bicuspid valve has a genetic basis in some cases but can result from rheumatic fever

AV node or Atrioventricular node

a small mass od special impulse-generating cardiac muscle tissue located near the junction of the left atrium and ventricle

pericardial fluid

a thim film that furnishes the lubricating moistness between the heart and its enveloping pericardial sac