Bio Final
If cells in S and M contain factors that help regulate progression through the cell cycle, which of the following would you expect to be correct?
Fusing an M-phase cell with a G2-phase cell will move the G2 nucleus into mitosis
Adult cells that do not, or rarely, divide, will be found primarily in what phase of the cell cycle?
G0
Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase
G0
The restriction point occurs here
G1
What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+= Lactate + NAD+
NADH
DNA is replicated at this point of the cell cycle
S
The 300 mM concentration is
isotonic
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent in a redox or oxidation reduction reaction
loses electrons and loses energy
The cells in the 200 mM die via
lysing (bursting)
In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetyl coA are produced from six molecules of glucose?
12
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from...
a plant or an animal
The nucleus of an amoeba is surrounded by a nuclear membrane
most plant and most animal cells
Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll
most plant cells
Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following states of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
oxidized
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is
oxygen
Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called
sister chromatids
Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth ER
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP by synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is
the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The second stage of aerobic respiration is
the Krebs cycle
Most CO2 is released during
the citric acid cycle
Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, taxol must affect
the fibers of the mitotic spindle
If a biologist said that the human body might be getting its power from "bacteria," he would be referring to
the mitochondria in our cells that may have originated as endosymbiotic bacteria
Which of the following describes cyclin-dependent kinase?
Cdk is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins Cdk is present throughout the cell cycle
In which structure is photosynthesis carried out?
Chloroplast
Prokaryotes
- have nucleoid regions - are unicellular - have cell walls - are bacteria
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH+FADH2 molecules produced
10
How many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
10
A cell with 8 chromosomes before mitosis will produce new cells that have
8 chromosomes
Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?
Chloroplasts
Explain endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is the theory as to how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. A prokaryote accidentally ate another to digest this organism. In other words, the endosymbiont entered the host and the two were able to have a mutually beneficial relationship. Over time, the endosymbiont became part of the cell itself. This process is how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved. These organelles support this theory because they have their own DNA, like an individual prokaryote would, and make some of their own proteins.
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
Energy is released and the more electronegative atom is reduced
Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway?
Er-Golgi-vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Which structure is a packaging plant for proteins of the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?
Golgi bodies: packaging
For a chemotherapeutic drug to be useful for treating cancer cells, which of the followings most desirable?
It interferes with rapidly dividing cells
Which component reaction of cellular respirate produces the most NADH?
Krebs cycle
Using a light microscope, you can most easily recognize chromosomes in what phase of the cell cycle?
M
Which structure is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
Which of the following statements is completely true?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons
A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with a cyclin-dependent kinase called Cdk 2. This complex is important for the progression of the cell from G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is correct?
The amount of cyclin E is highest during G1
Researchers began a study of a cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away?
The cells show characteristics of tumors
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes andthe same amount of DNA.
What is your favorite organelle and why?
The mitochondrion- because it is involved in producing the energy for a cell. Also, its connected with prokaryotes.
The purpose of cell fractionation
The purpose is to identify parts of the cell and their functions. It's much easier to study organelles and other parts of the cell when the cells are disrupted and put into a centrifuge to separate them. Cell fractionation is one of the many ways scientists learn more about cells and their complexity. Scientists can spin the centrifuge quickly and have smaller components in the pellet, or they can spin it slowly and have larger components in the pellet, which gives them the ability to look at all parts of a cell.
Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells?
They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture they have escaped from apoptotic controls THey have escaped from cell cycle controls
Under what condition would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
What is a cleavage furrow?
a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
Metabolism refers to
all chemical processes that occur with cells
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
Which structure controls what goes in and out of the cell?
cell membrane
Which of the following is not found as part of ALL cells?
cell wall
Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in animal cells?
centrosome
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include
chloroplasts and mitochondria
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the inter membrane space, the result is the
creation of a proton gradient
Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?
cyclin
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
A system of canals, tubes, and sacs that transport molecules inside the cytoplasm describes
endoplasmic reticula
Which structure is a passageway within the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum
Abnormal mitochondria are likely to be correlated with disturbance in the cell's
energy supply
Which organelle is whiplike in structure and function?
flagellum
If a cell did not have ribosomes, it would be unable to...
form proteins
pH difference ^ time >
graph becomes higher
A molecule that is phosphorylated
has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work
Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are
homologous chromosomes
The 100 mM solution is ______ compared to the cells
hypotonic
The cells are ____ compared to the 500 mM solution
hypotonic
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
inner membrane
Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?
interphase
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?
metaphase
Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments
Structural features which contain proteins that help to control the shapes of cells are
microfilaments
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide would be found within the
mitochondria
What contains enzymes and used in the formation of ATP?
mitochondria
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
mitochondrial inner membrane
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
mitochondrial matrix
Familiar organelles in the cytoplasm
mitochondrion, ribosome, Golgi body, chloroplast
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
molecular oxygen (O2)
An amoeba has a flexible cell membrane, but no cell wall
most animal cells
What is produced if a cell divided by mitosis but does not undergo cytokinesis?
one cell with two nuclei, each identical to the nucleus of the parent cell
Which of the following junctions permits cytoplasmic interconnections between cells?
only gap junctions and plasmodesmata
An analysis of a plasma or nuclear membrane would yield...
phospholipids and proteins
THe cells in the 400 mM solution die via
plasmoglyosis (shriveling up)
Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis?
prophase
A mutant bacteria strain lacking cytoplasmic ribosomes would be incapable of
protein synthesis
A product of glycolysis is
pyruvic acid
When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom the molecule becomes
reduced
The function of which cell structure would be affected by a poison interfering with the formation of proteins?
ribosomes
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rough ER
Chloroplast features
stroma, thylakoid, pigment, ATP
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
substrate-level phosphorylation
The primary function of very thick walled cells in the stem of a plant is
support of the plant
Checkpoints occur
throughout the cell cycle
Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis?
to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking
Looking into your microscope, you spot an unusual cell. Instead of the typical rounded cell shape, the cell has a very narrow middle separating two bulging ends. It sort of looks like the number 8! Then you realize that this cell is
undergoing cytokinesis
