Bio Final

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If cells in S and M contain factors that help regulate progression through the cell cycle, which of the following would you expect to be correct?

Fusing an M-phase cell with a G2-phase cell will move the G2 nucleus into mitosis

Adult cells that do not, or rarely, divide, will be found primarily in what phase of the cell cycle?

G0

Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase

G0

The restriction point occurs here

G1

What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+= Lactate + NAD+

NADH

DNA is replicated at this point of the cell cycle

S

The 300 mM concentration is

isotonic

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent in a redox or oxidation reduction reaction

loses electrons and loses energy

The cells in the 200 mM die via

lysing (bursting)

In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetyl coA are produced from six molecules of glucose?

12

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from...

a plant or an animal

The nucleus of an amoeba is surrounded by a nuclear membrane

most plant and most animal cells

Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll

most plant cells

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following states of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

oxidized

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is

oxygen

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

sister chromatids

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth ER

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP by synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is

the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The second stage of aerobic respiration is

the Krebs cycle

Most CO2 is released during

the citric acid cycle

Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, taxol must affect

the fibers of the mitotic spindle

If a biologist said that the human body might be getting its power from "bacteria," he would be referring to

the mitochondria in our cells that may have originated as endosymbiotic bacteria

Which of the following describes cyclin-dependent kinase?

Cdk is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins Cdk is present throughout the cell cycle

In which structure is photosynthesis carried out?

Chloroplast

Prokaryotes

- have nucleoid regions - are unicellular - have cell walls - are bacteria

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH+FADH2 molecules produced

10

How many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?

10

A cell with 8 chromosomes before mitosis will produce new cells that have

8 chromosomes

Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?

Chloroplasts

Explain endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis is the theory as to how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. A prokaryote accidentally ate another to digest this organism. In other words, the endosymbiont entered the host and the two were able to have a mutually beneficial relationship. Over time, the endosymbiont became part of the cell itself. This process is how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved. These organelles support this theory because they have their own DNA, like an individual prokaryote would, and make some of their own proteins.

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

Energy is released and the more electronegative atom is reduced

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway?

Er-Golgi-vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Which structure is a packaging plant for proteins of the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?

Golgi bodies: packaging

For a chemotherapeutic drug to be useful for treating cancer cells, which of the followings most desirable?

It interferes with rapidly dividing cells

Which component reaction of cellular respirate produces the most NADH?

Krebs cycle

Using a light microscope, you can most easily recognize chromosomes in what phase of the cell cycle?

M

Which structure is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

Which of the following statements is completely true?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons

A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with a cyclin-dependent kinase called Cdk 2. This complex is important for the progression of the cell from G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is correct?

The amount of cyclin E is highest during G1

Researchers began a study of a cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away?

The cells show characteristics of tumors

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes andthe same amount of DNA.

What is your favorite organelle and why?

The mitochondrion- because it is involved in producing the energy for a cell. Also, its connected with prokaryotes.

The purpose of cell fractionation

The purpose is to identify parts of the cell and their functions. It's much easier to study organelles and other parts of the cell when the cells are disrupted and put into a centrifuge to separate them. Cell fractionation is one of the many ways scientists learn more about cells and their complexity. Scientists can spin the centrifuge quickly and have smaller components in the pellet, or they can spin it slowly and have larger components in the pellet, which gives them the ability to look at all parts of a cell.

Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells?

They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture they have escaped from apoptotic controls THey have escaped from cell cycle controls

Under what condition would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?

a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes

What is a cleavage furrow?

a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

Metabolism refers to

all chemical processes that occur with cells

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

Which structure controls what goes in and out of the cell?

cell membrane

Which of the following is not found as part of ALL cells?

cell wall

Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in animal cells?

centrosome

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include

chloroplasts and mitochondria

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the inter membrane space, the result is the

creation of a proton gradient

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?

cyclin

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytosol

A system of canals, tubes, and sacs that transport molecules inside the cytoplasm describes

endoplasmic reticula

Which structure is a passageway within the cell?

endoplasmic reticulum

Abnormal mitochondria are likely to be correlated with disturbance in the cell's

energy supply

Which organelle is whiplike in structure and function?

flagellum

If a cell did not have ribosomes, it would be unable to...

form proteins

pH difference ^ time >

graph becomes higher

A molecule that is phosphorylated

has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are

homologous chromosomes

The 100 mM solution is ______ compared to the cells

hypotonic

The cells are ____ compared to the 500 mM solution

hypotonic

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

inner membrane

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

interphase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?

metaphase

Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton?

microfilaments

Structural features which contain proteins that help to control the shapes of cells are

microfilaments

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide would be found within the

mitochondria

What contains enzymes and used in the formation of ATP?

mitochondria

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

mitochondrial inner membrane

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

mitochondrial matrix

Familiar organelles in the cytoplasm

mitochondrion, ribosome, Golgi body, chloroplast

During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?

molecular oxygen (O2)

An amoeba has a flexible cell membrane, but no cell wall

most animal cells

What is produced if a cell divided by mitosis but does not undergo cytokinesis?

one cell with two nuclei, each identical to the nucleus of the parent cell

Which of the following junctions permits cytoplasmic interconnections between cells?

only gap junctions and plasmodesmata

An analysis of a plasma or nuclear membrane would yield...

phospholipids and proteins

THe cells in the 400 mM solution die via

plasmoglyosis (shriveling up)

Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis?

prophase

A mutant bacteria strain lacking cytoplasmic ribosomes would be incapable of

protein synthesis

A product of glycolysis is

pyruvic acid

When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom the molecule becomes

reduced

The function of which cell structure would be affected by a poison interfering with the formation of proteins?

ribosomes

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

rough ER

Chloroplast features

stroma, thylakoid, pigment, ATP

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

substrate-level phosphorylation

The primary function of very thick walled cells in the stem of a plant is

support of the plant

Checkpoints occur

throughout the cell cycle

Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis?

to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking

Looking into your microscope, you spot an unusual cell. Instead of the typical rounded cell shape, the cell has a very narrow middle separating two bulging ends. It sort of looks like the number 8! Then you realize that this cell is

undergoing cytokinesis


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