Bio Final (weeks 7-10)

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what are the levels of the energy pyramid

(bottom to top) -producers (10,000 kg) -primary consumers (1000 kg) -secondary consumers (100 kg) -tertiary consumers (10 kg) **only 10%v of energy is transferred. 90% is lost

mutualism

+/+ association between two species that has a mutual benefit

parasitism

+/- feed on their host over extended periods, typically without killing them

commensalism

+/0 one species benefits from an interaction and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

competition

-/- individuals compete for resources, can reduce survivorship, density dependent, negatively affects all individuals

Which of the following is true regarding the history of life on Earth?

-There is more oxygen in the atmosphere today than there was early in Earth history. -The history of planet Earth includes alternations between colder periods ("icehouses") and warmer periods ("greenhouses") on the surface of the planet. -There have been repeated incidents of mass extinction in the history of the planet in which species diversity has been reduced by 50% or more.

Three domains that all organisms fall under

-archaea (prokaryotes) -eukarya -bacteria (prokaryotes) +dna similarities reflecting common ancestry

island biogeography: what happens to arrival and distinction rates

-arrival rates of new species decreases as species accumulate -extinction rate increases as individuals from different species compete for resources

why don't predators drive the prey to extinction

-as predation reduces the size of a prey pop the predator pop shrinks because there is less food which allows the prey pop to recover

island biogeography: effect of distance

-far islands have lower colonization rates compared to near islands -extinction not influenced by distance from source populations

abiotic and biotic with chthamalus and balanus

-removing the chthamalus does not change the distribution of the balanus. === balanus is limited by abiotic factors (environment) -removing the balanus allows the chthamalus distribution extend. ===chthalamus is limited by biotic features (competition)

what is included in species diversity

-the number of different species (richness) -the distribution of individuals (evenness)

how does the carbon cycle affect the biodiversity of life throughout the biosphere

1. plants use carbon molecules and light energy through photosynthesis 2. carbon moves through the food chain as organisms eat and be eaten. extract energy from carbon and exhale carbon dioxide 3. large # of organisms die carbon accumulates in the ground. this gets transferred to coal, oil, natural gas 4. burning these products releases large amounts of carbon dioxide back into atmospehere

When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of Type _____ survivorship.

III

What role has mass extinction played in animal evolution?

Mass extinction can remove ecologically dominant groups, paving the way for new or previously minor groups to diversify.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?

Multiple protist lineages evolved into complex eukaryotic groups (e.g. animals, plants, fungi)

capture recapture formula to find the estimated population

N=MxS/R M=marked individuals S=size of second sample collected R=marked animals recaptured

The term "protist" lacks phylogenetic accuracy because it represents a paraphyletic group. Which of the following statements reflects the paraphyly of protist taxa?

Some eukaryotic lineages evolved from protists, and they are not called protists.

Speciation is the divergence of two populations from a common ancestor. How does it contribute to biological diversity?

Speciation increases biological diversity.

Mass extinctions have occurred five times in Earth's history. The end Permian and Cretaceous extinctions were responsible for removing a large percentage of organisms from the planet. How do these extinctions contribute to the biodiversity we see today?

Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today.

How is it possible that phylogenies based on sequences from nuclear genomes and organellar genomes (i.e., chloroplasts and mitochondria) from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching orders?

The genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.

If having large numbers of offspring results in high fitness, why don't all females have very large numbers of offspring?

They are limited by the amount of energy they can devote to reproduction in any one season.

t/f The intrinsic growth rate is the maximum per capita growth rate, most readily achieved when no environmental factors limit population increase.

True

facilitation

a beneficial indirect interaction between organisms that are independently interacting directly with a third. two diff organisms attack another organism and the attack of each is aided as a result

microevolution

a change in allele frequencies over one or a few generations

mass extinction

a period of time during which a large number of species on earth become extinct over a short period of time

life history

an organisms investment pattern in growth, reproduction, and survival

The development of wings on a fly, a moth, and a bird are _____ because they developed independently as adaptations to perform the common function of flying.

analogous

what is a protist?

any eukaryote that is not an animal or fungus

what is a consequence of natural selection

as new species are being created others are lost through extinction

When would a researcher be MOST likely to observe resource partitioning?

between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds

factors affecting population size

birth death immigration emmigration

The bacterial species <i>Staphylococus</i> <i>aureus</i> is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. In healthy individuals, <i>S. aureus</i> is benign (does not cause harm) in these locations. However, if it is introduced into the bloodstream through, for example, a wound, it can make a person gravely ill. Thus, the ecological relationship of <i>S. aureus</i> with a human:

can be mutualistic or antagonistic.

what slows population growth

carrying capacity (k)

what are the stages of succession

colonizing a community: -primary succession: begins after land is left barren of soil with no life intermediate communities: -secondary succession: similar to primary but has a head start climax community: -longer living larger species outcompete the initial colonizers ***may have disturbance that sets community back to beginning

The human body has about 10 bacterial cells for every eukaryotic cell. Bacteria coat our skin, gut, and mouth. Also present are protists, Archaeans, and viruses. Collectively, these organisms are our microbiota. For most members of our microbiota, our body provides their environment (or space to live). They, in turn, have no effect on us. This is an example of:

commensalism

ecosystem

community and environment

interspecific competition

comp between individuals of different species

intraspecific competition

comp between individuals of the same species

In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:

competitive exclusion.

keystone species

critical role in the community of greater proportion than its abundance -other species depend on it -effect the community over many trophic levels

bacteria

cyanobacteria chlamydias spirochetes -aerobic, annerobic, facultative -heterotrophs, autotrophs

as population approaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate

decreases

What is the relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

distinction reflects structure but not phylogeny -but the three domain distinction reflects phylogeny

type 3 survivorship

do not survive early period of life but if they do they last a long time

abiotic factor

environmental factor ex. temperature, pH

The fossil record is testament to extinct fauna no longer present on Earth. Certain areas of the planet have always had high species diversity (evidence from fossils and catalogs of current species diversity). Which of the processes listed below likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see?

extinction events (both local and global)

The bacterial species <i>Staphylococus</i> <i>aureus</i> is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. It can survive on polyester for 3 months and can also infect cows and chickens. Thus, its relationship with humans is:

facultative

t/f bacteria can only respire under aerobic conditions

false (anarobic and facultative)

t/f thermophiles (able to survive in extreme temps) describe a group of organisms under the domain bacteria

false (archae)

t/f molecular clocks explain the phenomena that over time dna sequence become more and more similar and cause a decrease in divergence and speciation

false (increase in time means increase in dna sequence differences and increase divergence

t/f fungi are more closely related to plants than animals

false (opposite)

t/f prokaryotes are a monophyletic group

false (paraphyletic)

distance effect

far islands have lower colonization rates compared to near islands

k-strategist

few offspring, high parental investment, stable environments ex. elephants

what does the temperature gradient of solar energy lead to

generates atmospheric circulation patterns that result in heavy rain at the equator and many deserts at 30 degrees latitude

metapopulation

group of independent populations connected via corridors

exponential growth

growth rate does not change over time. -pops will grow exponentially until limited resources slow them down

Which taxonomic group of land plants still in existence today was the dominant group of land plants when the angiosperms began their rapid increase in speciation and distribution?

gymnosperms

archaea

halophiles thermoplasma methanogens hypothermophiles -thrive in inhospitable environments

big bang reproduction

high fecundity, low survivorship

what happens when technology raises carrying capacity for a species

intercompensation

what is the significance of the double membrane of mitochondria

it is evidence that mitochondria derived from an ancestral free-living microbe

how is island size related to number of colonists and to extinction rates

large islands= more resources which increases the number of colonists larger islands= more species in general means lower extinction rates

area effect

larger islands have more colonists and lower rates of extinction compared to smaller islands

island biogeography: effect of island size

larger islands have more colonists and lower rates of extinction compared to smaller islands

A population of ten mating pairs of butterflies colonize a new area with no predators and a number of flower species large enough to support a butterfly population of 2000 individuals. Each pair can have 20 offspring per year. For the first 2 years in the new, the growth curve for this butterfly population will show:

logistic growth because the colonizing population will reach carrying capacity within the first two years.

how are colonization rates related to island distance from the mainland

low distance means its easier to get to which increases colonization rate

slow, gradual reproduction

low fecundity, high survivorship

r-strategist

many offspring, low parental investment, unstable environments ex. salmon

species evenness

measure of how close in numbers each species in an environment is

Some species of ant "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid (called honeydew) secreted by the aphids. The ecological relationship between the ants and the aphids is:

mutualism.

realized niche

niche a species actually occupies

what does resource partitioning lead to

niche specialization

fundamental niche

niche species could occupy

will the carrying capacity for a population be the same for all populations of the same species?

no because different populations have different numbers of resources. different K

symbiosis and mitochondria

originated as endosymbiotic bacteria

what is the relationship between phylogenies and fossils

phylogenetic trees make inferences about the past based on traits and genes found in past taxa -fossils are the only type of data that provide direct evidence of past life forms

Eukarya

plants protists fungi animals

how does species diversity affect the ecosystem function

plots that are more species rich before the drought will be more resistant to change

MSY (maximum sustainable yield)

politically important and potentially useful but nearly impossible to implement in the real world

Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies typically have around 12 adult animals per hectare. What aspect of the population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe?

population density

biotic factor

relating to interactions with other organisms ex. predation, competition

what evidence has shown that mitochondria are products of endosymbiosis

similar in size as proteobacteria -replicate via fission -have their own genomes -circular genomes -double membranes

endosymbiosis and chloroplasts

since chloroplasts have their own dna sequence scientists were able to compare the sequences of nucleotides in chloroplast genes compared to cyanobacterial genes. -because of this they were able to find that chloroplasts are descendants of symbiotic cyanobacteria

What are the key features of a population

size, range, density

type 2 survivorship

steadily lose numbers throughout their lives

what is the distribution of solar energy

sun shines directly onto earths equator where solar energy is spread over a smaller are than the same amt of energy hitting the poles

type 1 survivorship

survive early years and show a steep decline in the last part of their lifespan

macroevolution

the accumulated effect of microevolution over a long period of time

what land kind of island would you choose to have the greatest number of species?

the biggest and closest island to the mainland

molecular clocks

the longer two species have been evolving separately, the greater the number of genetic differences there are

what is adaptive radiation

the rapid diversification of lineages as they fill different ecological niches

why doesn't succession occur in front lawns

there is to many disturbances to allow a community to rebuild

what is the metaphor for predator and prey

they are in an evolutionary arms race. as physical features evolve in prey species to reduce their predation risk, predators develop more effective methods of predation

t/f More photosynthesis leads to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans.

true

t/f conjunction is one of three techniques for exchanging genetic material that is utilized by domain bacteria

true

t/f some eukaryotes can be single celled

true (protists)

what best reflects a distribution of a territorial species?

uniform

when does adaptive radiation occur

when a small number of species diversify into a larger number of species triggered by: -mass extinction (comp suddenly eliminated) -colonization events (moving to a new location with new resources) -evolutionary innovations (features that inc fitness a species can rapidly diversify)


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