Bio Final (weeks 7-10)
what are the levels of the energy pyramid
(bottom to top) -producers (10,000 kg) -primary consumers (1000 kg) -secondary consumers (100 kg) -tertiary consumers (10 kg) **only 10%v of energy is transferred. 90% is lost
mutualism
+/+ association between two species that has a mutual benefit
parasitism
+/- feed on their host over extended periods, typically without killing them
commensalism
+/0 one species benefits from an interaction and the other is neither benefited nor harmed
competition
-/- individuals compete for resources, can reduce survivorship, density dependent, negatively affects all individuals
Which of the following is true regarding the history of life on Earth?
-There is more oxygen in the atmosphere today than there was early in Earth history. -The history of planet Earth includes alternations between colder periods ("icehouses") and warmer periods ("greenhouses") on the surface of the planet. -There have been repeated incidents of mass extinction in the history of the planet in which species diversity has been reduced by 50% or more.
Three domains that all organisms fall under
-archaea (prokaryotes) -eukarya -bacteria (prokaryotes) +dna similarities reflecting common ancestry
island biogeography: what happens to arrival and distinction rates
-arrival rates of new species decreases as species accumulate -extinction rate increases as individuals from different species compete for resources
why don't predators drive the prey to extinction
-as predation reduces the size of a prey pop the predator pop shrinks because there is less food which allows the prey pop to recover
island biogeography: effect of distance
-far islands have lower colonization rates compared to near islands -extinction not influenced by distance from source populations
abiotic and biotic with chthamalus and balanus
-removing the chthamalus does not change the distribution of the balanus. === balanus is limited by abiotic factors (environment) -removing the balanus allows the chthamalus distribution extend. ===chthalamus is limited by biotic features (competition)
what is included in species diversity
-the number of different species (richness) -the distribution of individuals (evenness)
how does the carbon cycle affect the biodiversity of life throughout the biosphere
1. plants use carbon molecules and light energy through photosynthesis 2. carbon moves through the food chain as organisms eat and be eaten. extract energy from carbon and exhale carbon dioxide 3. large # of organisms die carbon accumulates in the ground. this gets transferred to coal, oil, natural gas 4. burning these products releases large amounts of carbon dioxide back into atmospehere
When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of Type _____ survivorship.
III
What role has mass extinction played in animal evolution?
Mass extinction can remove ecologically dominant groups, paving the way for new or previously minor groups to diversify.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?
Multiple protist lineages evolved into complex eukaryotic groups (e.g. animals, plants, fungi)
capture recapture formula to find the estimated population
N=MxS/R M=marked individuals S=size of second sample collected R=marked animals recaptured
The term "protist" lacks phylogenetic accuracy because it represents a paraphyletic group. Which of the following statements reflects the paraphyly of protist taxa?
Some eukaryotic lineages evolved from protists, and they are not called protists.
Speciation is the divergence of two populations from a common ancestor. How does it contribute to biological diversity?
Speciation increases biological diversity.
Mass extinctions have occurred five times in Earth's history. The end Permian and Cretaceous extinctions were responsible for removing a large percentage of organisms from the planet. How do these extinctions contribute to the biodiversity we see today?
Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today.
How is it possible that phylogenies based on sequences from nuclear genomes and organellar genomes (i.e., chloroplasts and mitochondria) from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching orders?
The genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.
If having large numbers of offspring results in high fitness, why don't all females have very large numbers of offspring?
They are limited by the amount of energy they can devote to reproduction in any one season.
t/f The intrinsic growth rate is the maximum per capita growth rate, most readily achieved when no environmental factors limit population increase.
True
facilitation
a beneficial indirect interaction between organisms that are independently interacting directly with a third. two diff organisms attack another organism and the attack of each is aided as a result
microevolution
a change in allele frequencies over one or a few generations
mass extinction
a period of time during which a large number of species on earth become extinct over a short period of time
life history
an organisms investment pattern in growth, reproduction, and survival
The development of wings on a fly, a moth, and a bird are _____ because they developed independently as adaptations to perform the common function of flying.
analogous
what is a protist?
any eukaryote that is not an animal or fungus
what is a consequence of natural selection
as new species are being created others are lost through extinction
When would a researcher be MOST likely to observe resource partitioning?
between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds
factors affecting population size
birth death immigration emmigration
The bacterial species <i>Staphylococus</i> <i>aureus</i> is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. In healthy individuals, <i>S. aureus</i> is benign (does not cause harm) in these locations. However, if it is introduced into the bloodstream through, for example, a wound, it can make a person gravely ill. Thus, the ecological relationship of <i>S. aureus</i> with a human:
can be mutualistic or antagonistic.
what slows population growth
carrying capacity (k)
what are the stages of succession
colonizing a community: -primary succession: begins after land is left barren of soil with no life intermediate communities: -secondary succession: similar to primary but has a head start climax community: -longer living larger species outcompete the initial colonizers ***may have disturbance that sets community back to beginning
The human body has about 10 bacterial cells for every eukaryotic cell. Bacteria coat our skin, gut, and mouth. Also present are protists, Archaeans, and viruses. Collectively, these organisms are our microbiota. For most members of our microbiota, our body provides their environment (or space to live). They, in turn, have no effect on us. This is an example of:
commensalism
ecosystem
community and environment
interspecific competition
comp between individuals of different species
intraspecific competition
comp between individuals of the same species
In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:
competitive exclusion.
keystone species
critical role in the community of greater proportion than its abundance -other species depend on it -effect the community over many trophic levels
bacteria
cyanobacteria chlamydias spirochetes -aerobic, annerobic, facultative -heterotrophs, autotrophs
as population approaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate
decreases
What is the relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
distinction reflects structure but not phylogeny -but the three domain distinction reflects phylogeny
type 3 survivorship
do not survive early period of life but if they do they last a long time
abiotic factor
environmental factor ex. temperature, pH
The fossil record is testament to extinct fauna no longer present on Earth. Certain areas of the planet have always had high species diversity (evidence from fossils and catalogs of current species diversity). Which of the processes listed below likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see?
extinction events (both local and global)
The bacterial species <i>Staphylococus</i> <i>aureus</i> is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. It can survive on polyester for 3 months and can also infect cows and chickens. Thus, its relationship with humans is:
facultative
t/f bacteria can only respire under aerobic conditions
false (anarobic and facultative)
t/f thermophiles (able to survive in extreme temps) describe a group of organisms under the domain bacteria
false (archae)
t/f molecular clocks explain the phenomena that over time dna sequence become more and more similar and cause a decrease in divergence and speciation
false (increase in time means increase in dna sequence differences and increase divergence
t/f fungi are more closely related to plants than animals
false (opposite)
t/f prokaryotes are a monophyletic group
false (paraphyletic)
distance effect
far islands have lower colonization rates compared to near islands
k-strategist
few offspring, high parental investment, stable environments ex. elephants
what does the temperature gradient of solar energy lead to
generates atmospheric circulation patterns that result in heavy rain at the equator and many deserts at 30 degrees latitude
metapopulation
group of independent populations connected via corridors
exponential growth
growth rate does not change over time. -pops will grow exponentially until limited resources slow them down
Which taxonomic group of land plants still in existence today was the dominant group of land plants when the angiosperms began their rapid increase in speciation and distribution?
gymnosperms
archaea
halophiles thermoplasma methanogens hypothermophiles -thrive in inhospitable environments
big bang reproduction
high fecundity, low survivorship
what happens when technology raises carrying capacity for a species
intercompensation
what is the significance of the double membrane of mitochondria
it is evidence that mitochondria derived from an ancestral free-living microbe
how is island size related to number of colonists and to extinction rates
large islands= more resources which increases the number of colonists larger islands= more species in general means lower extinction rates
area effect
larger islands have more colonists and lower rates of extinction compared to smaller islands
island biogeography: effect of island size
larger islands have more colonists and lower rates of extinction compared to smaller islands
A population of ten mating pairs of butterflies colonize a new area with no predators and a number of flower species large enough to support a butterfly population of 2000 individuals. Each pair can have 20 offspring per year. For the first 2 years in the new, the growth curve for this butterfly population will show:
logistic growth because the colonizing population will reach carrying capacity within the first two years.
how are colonization rates related to island distance from the mainland
low distance means its easier to get to which increases colonization rate
slow, gradual reproduction
low fecundity, high survivorship
r-strategist
many offspring, low parental investment, unstable environments ex. salmon
species evenness
measure of how close in numbers each species in an environment is
Some species of ant "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid (called honeydew) secreted by the aphids. The ecological relationship between the ants and the aphids is:
mutualism.
realized niche
niche a species actually occupies
what does resource partitioning lead to
niche specialization
fundamental niche
niche species could occupy
will the carrying capacity for a population be the same for all populations of the same species?
no because different populations have different numbers of resources. different K
symbiosis and mitochondria
originated as endosymbiotic bacteria
what is the relationship between phylogenies and fossils
phylogenetic trees make inferences about the past based on traits and genes found in past taxa -fossils are the only type of data that provide direct evidence of past life forms
Eukarya
plants protists fungi animals
how does species diversity affect the ecosystem function
plots that are more species rich before the drought will be more resistant to change
MSY (maximum sustainable yield)
politically important and potentially useful but nearly impossible to implement in the real world
Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies typically have around 12 adult animals per hectare. What aspect of the population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe?
population density
biotic factor
relating to interactions with other organisms ex. predation, competition
what evidence has shown that mitochondria are products of endosymbiosis
similar in size as proteobacteria -replicate via fission -have their own genomes -circular genomes -double membranes
endosymbiosis and chloroplasts
since chloroplasts have their own dna sequence scientists were able to compare the sequences of nucleotides in chloroplast genes compared to cyanobacterial genes. -because of this they were able to find that chloroplasts are descendants of symbiotic cyanobacteria
What are the key features of a population
size, range, density
type 2 survivorship
steadily lose numbers throughout their lives
what is the distribution of solar energy
sun shines directly onto earths equator where solar energy is spread over a smaller are than the same amt of energy hitting the poles
type 1 survivorship
survive early years and show a steep decline in the last part of their lifespan
macroevolution
the accumulated effect of microevolution over a long period of time
what land kind of island would you choose to have the greatest number of species?
the biggest and closest island to the mainland
molecular clocks
the longer two species have been evolving separately, the greater the number of genetic differences there are
what is adaptive radiation
the rapid diversification of lineages as they fill different ecological niches
why doesn't succession occur in front lawns
there is to many disturbances to allow a community to rebuild
what is the metaphor for predator and prey
they are in an evolutionary arms race. as physical features evolve in prey species to reduce their predation risk, predators develop more effective methods of predation
t/f More photosynthesis leads to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans.
true
t/f conjunction is one of three techniques for exchanging genetic material that is utilized by domain bacteria
true
t/f some eukaryotes can be single celled
true (protists)
what best reflects a distribution of a territorial species?
uniform
when does adaptive radiation occur
when a small number of species diversify into a larger number of species triggered by: -mass extinction (comp suddenly eliminated) -colonization events (moving to a new location with new resources) -evolutionary innovations (features that inc fitness a species can rapidly diversify)
