bio last exam
If you include bacteria and viruses, recent studies have indicated a realistic estimation of total biodiversity is up to ______________
100 million species
These regions make up only ______ percent of the total land mass but house _____ percent of all plant species and 43 percent of all ______ species
2.4 50 vertebrate
In 2004, Conservation International declared _____ hotspot regions around the globe
36
Of the described species, approximately ____________ species are plants, __________ are fungi, and ______ species are animals.
391,000 140,000 1.5 million
Currently, there are approximately _____________________ species that have been identified and described
8.7 million
The loss of biodiversity has led to a new geological time period called the
Anthropocene
Which supergroup consists of protists that are photosynthetic and includes green and red algae?
Archaeplastida
The fungi that produce white and portabello mushrooms belong to the phylum
Basidiomycota
Which phylum is the only one with members that exhibit radial symmetry and the first to have true tissue?
Cnidaria
The fifth mass extinction, ________________ extinction, occurred about 65 MYA. This extinction eliminated all ___________ and many reptiles and allowed for the rise of mammals.
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Approximately 360 MYA, at the end of the __________________ period, the second mass extinction wiped out 50% percent of animal species on land and in seas.
Devonian
Which of the 3 domains do animals belong to?
Domain Eukarya
_____________ is the loss of a species or taxonomic group from the planet.
Extinction
Only covering __________ of the world's surface, _________ are the most diverse ecosystem on the planet
0.1% coral reefs
Why does conservation focus on biodiversity hotspots?
Hotspots have a large number of plants and animal species in a small area.
Which of the following is the cause of the current extinction crisis?
Human activities that involve altering habitats, changes in sea levels, and changes in weather patterns on a global scale are causing mass extinctions.
The mass extinction at the end of the _____________ period (about 250 MYA) is thought to have killed off as many as ___ percent of the animal species. The first ___________ and dinosaurs appeared.
Permian 83 mammals
The fourth mass extinction occurred about 200 MYA at the end of the __________ period. This extinction eliminated ____ percent of all existing animal species including reptiles, early dinosaurs, and the first mammals. After the extinction event, angiosperms spread and modern _________ appeared.
Triassic 48% insects
As habitats become patchy and fragmented, wildlife corridors
can connect isolated populations.
Which of the following is the largest threat to coral reefs?
global warming
The first mass extinction occurred at the end of the ____________ period. The sea animals at this time would have been dominated by invertebrates and early vertebrates.
Ordovician
The Cretaceous extinction, which lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs, was most likely due to
a large asteroid hitting the earth
Fungi are saprobes. This means they
absorb dead or decaying material for nutrients.
________ is a process that occurs to allow organisms to survive in their changing environments.
adaptation
For example, a lichen is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between an ___________ and a fungi in phylum ___________
algae ascomycota
Which group of vertebrates does not produce an amniotic egg?
amphibians
evolved from a lobe-finned fish fish tetrapod first group to develop eyelids first group to develop a larynx and ears first group to have a 3 chambered heart adults live on land but repro tied in water salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
amphibians
The total number of species on the planet is ___________________
an estimated calculation offered by scientists.
typically based on where they live classified by their unique composition of plasma membrane and cell wall more closely related to eukaryotes thermophiles, methanogens, and halophiles
archaeans
- natural, ongoing low-level extinction of species - due to changes in various environmental factors that reduces a species ability to cope to the change - does not typically result in a large loss of species - between 0.1 and 2.0 species is lost per million species per yeat
background extinction
oldest organisms on the planet classified by their shape and metabolic abilities often associated with diseases cyanobacteria
bacteria
__________ is the variety of species present on this planet.
biodiversity
Areas of the planet that support the highest number of species are known as ___________. Examples include coral reefs and tropical rain forests.
biodiversity hotspots
Which group of plants lack vascular tissue and include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?
bryophytes
Sticky gel-like coating outside of the cell wall
capsule
Structure that provides support and shapes the cells
cell wall
Several characteristics unique to this kingdom is the fact that they ingest their food and their cells lack ___________
cell walls
Unfortunately, these areas are under threat from climate change and ______________, coastal pollution and ___________ runoff, and overharvesting of the fishes that reside there.
coral bleaching nitrogen
Semifluid solution that contains the chemical cellular components of the cell to sustain life
cytoplasm
Invertebrate animals
do not have a backbone include molluscs and arthropods include flatworms, segmented worms, and round worms
According to the biological species concept, the western spotted skunk and the eastern spotted skunk are two distinct species. This means that the two species
do not interbreed
chordate characteristics: a component of the central nervous system develops into a spinal chord in vertebrates
dorsal tubular nerve cord
Kingdom Animalia is a branch on the ____________ tree that contains the ________________ , _______________ organisms
eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic
Over time, a species may not be able to adapt to a change in its climate, habitat, or food source, and may naturally go ___________
extinct
oldest groups of vertebrates may or may not possess jaws vertebral column made of cartilage or bone lampreys, hagfish, sharks, trout, or coelacanth
fish
Rotating filament that propels the cell through the environment
flagellum
most abundant and diverse land plants structure uses to attract pollinators, protect the embryo, and provide nourishments angiosperms only
flowering plants
The _________ indicates that species have become extinct throughout the history of life.
fossil record
The loss of many species is ______________ and occurs no matter how well adapted those species were before the event.
global
- a population accumulates tiny variations slowly and gradually until reproductive isolation occurs - idea was supported by Charles Darwin - over time, small variations, such as longer teeth, larger ears, and a heightened sense of smell became the normal characteristics of a wolf population
gradualistic model
In fact, human-induced climate change by the increase in __________________ in the atmosphere is the greatest threat to biodiversity.
greenhouse gases
Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?
habitat destruction
Which of the following is causing the loss of biodiversity?
habitat destruction introduction of invasive species overexploitation
Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation?
habitat differentiation sexual selection polyploidy
Fungi also have life cycle that consists of both ___________ and __________ states, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.
haploid diploid
The current classification system used by biologists
has 3 domains used for all living organisms updated when new info is available
Nutritionally, all fungi are ___________ organisms that digest organic material outside the body and absorb the molecules released.
heterotrophic
According to the evolutionary tree, the ___________ split from the other apes ____________ MYA.
hominins 5-6
All members of the ape family belong to the grouping known as ___________ ; a special grouping to note ______ apes.
hominins bipedal
Fossil evidence indicates that as few as four different species within the genus __________ existed one to two million years ago
homo
Today, modern ________________ is the only member of the genus to have survived and has replaced other hominin species on Earth.
homo sapiens
Today, the rate of species loss is comparable to those periods of mass extinctions, and __________________ are considered the driving force behind the current biodiversity crisis.
human activities
Fungi are composed of microscopic, threadlike filaments, called _____________ that form a multicellular, fungal body called ______________.
hyphae mycelium
After the Ordovician period, 50% of marine species went extinct, but this made way for the first __________ fishes
jawed
In a ________ , the algae that live in the filaments, or the ____________ , of the fungus provide the organism with _____________ , the end products of photosynthesis
lichen hyphae carbohydrates
organisms possess hair for camo and temp regulations organisms possess mammary glands that produce milk to nurse young monotremes, marsupials, placental animals
mammals
MPAs are
marine areas included biodiversity hotspots in the ocean are areas of conservation and research
Over 4,000 _______ are believed to utilizes these regions, and members of every major __________ phyla can be found in coral reefs.
marine species animal
- global event that wipes out the majority of living organisms on earth - occurs very rapidly - over 50% of the species on earth are wiped out after the event
mass extinction
In some instances, impact events, such as an asteroid impact, or rapid changes in the environment do not leave organisms time to adapt and leads to loss of many species very rapidly, called _____________
mass extinction
Fungi do not have true sexes, but rather what are called ________
mating types
The organisms found there not only serve as food but increasingly are the sources of new ___________ to fight diseases and infections
medicines
The process of speciation is generally a very slow process, often taking __________
millions years to occur completely
As the fungi grow and spread, the fungus provides the algae with protection, ______________ , and water.
minerals
It is difficult to determine the exact amount of species loss because
most studies are typically focused on plants and animals the exact number of species is unknown fewer studies involve tracking the biodiversity loss of microbes and fungi
The organisms are typically _______ and have a ____________ dominated life cycle in which the only haploid cells produced by the organism is the gametes
motile diploid
Fungi are typically ___________ eukaryotic organisms
multicellular
____________ fungi are particularly important because they assist the plant with the uptake of water and nutrients, increasing the surface area of the roots.
mycorrhizal
Lack roots, stems, and leaves dominant gametophyte generation grow low to the ground requires water for reproduction bryophytes only
nonvascular plants
chordate characteristic: supporting rod becomes part of the vertebral column in vertebrates
notochord
Location of the bacterial chromosome
nucleoid region
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?
nucleus
Prokaryotic cells can be classified by their nutritional mode. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses ______ for energy, similar to animals
organic materials
list the levels of organization from simplest to most complex
organism population species community ecosystem
____________ fungi, which describes a relationship in which fungi benefits and the host is harmed, are known to cause diseases in both plants and animals.
parasitic
chordate characteristic: structure used for feeding develops into gills in fishes and auditory tubes in tetrapods
pharyngeal pouches
internal modification that results in the formation of the nucleus and the endomembrane system
phase one of the endosymbiotic theory
the formation of symbiotic relationships between the early protists and bacteria
phase two of the endosymbiotic theory
Another type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a fungi and the roots of
plants
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules
plasma membrane
Allopatric speciation occurs when
populations are geographically separated.
chordate characteristics: a tail that extends past the anus structure that is used for location but may be lost in some vertebrates
postanal tail
- a sudden event results in speciation followed by long periods of no change - typically observed in the fossil record - climate change causes the soil pH to change rapidly and many of the worms die, leaving only those able to adapt and survive in the new pH to reproduce
punctuation equilibrium model
Which of the following is an example of a biodiversity hotspot?
rainforests coral reefs an area with a large number of species that is threatened by habitat destruction
first group of vertebrates to be fully adapted to life on land first group to have an amniotic egg first group to have keratinized skin first group w well developed lungs turtles crocodiles snakes lizards birds
reptiles
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
Fungi's manner of obtaining nutrients makes them especially helpful in many ecosystems since they decompose organic material or are ________
saprophytic
gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduction is no longer tied to water
seed plants
The adults typically reproduce
sexually
________ is the ultimate source of species diversity and occurs over time as organisms respond to changes in the environment.
speciation
The smallest or most specific level of biological classification is
species
The rate of speciation and the rate of _________ shapes the patterns of diversity on planet Earth
species loss
cell gains chloroplast and the ability to produce sugars from sunlight
step four of the endosymbiotic theory
cell gains a nucleus by the plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane
step one of phase one of the endosymbiotitc theory
cell gains mitochondria and the ability to metabolize sugars in the presence of oxygen
step three in phase two of the endosymbiotic theory
cell gains and endomembrane system by proliferation of membrane and increased surface area increases the rate of transport of materials
step two of phase one of the endosymbiotic theory
In addition to their diversity, this ecosystem helps protect coastlines from the effects of ____________, such as hurricanes.
storms
Plants
supply us with food and fuel are used for medicines produce oxygen
Fungi are also capable of forming beneficial ______________ relationships with many algae and plant species.
symbiotic
After the second mass extinction, ___________ animals such as insects, amphibians, and early reptiles appeared
terrestrial
If the rate of species loss is higher than the rate of speciation, then ________________
there is a loss of biodiversity
Scientists generally agree that many more species exist than are formally described, but _____________________________
they disagree about how many there really are
o qualify as a hotspot, a location must: (1) harbor at least 1,500 endemic _______________ species; and (2) must have less than ______ percent of its original habitat remaining.
vascular plant 30
dominant sporophyte generation have roots leaves and stems internal tissue called xylem and phloem pterophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
vascular plants