Bio Lecture Final exam
If a cell had 12 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis II, how many would each daughter cell have after the completion of meiosis II?
12
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of two parents who do not show any signs of the deafness but are carriers (Dd)?
1:2:1
How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father?
23
How many nucleotides are required to code for 10 amino acids?
30
If you know that a DNA double helix consists of 20 % adenine, what percentage of the DNA double helix is guanine (G)?
30%
Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?
3:1
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of two parents who do not show any signs of the deafness but are carriers (Dd)?
3:1
How many chromosomes would be found in the karyotype of a Down syndrome female?
47
What is a "benign" tumor?
A mass of cells that grows out of control but remains at the site of origin
What is a Promoter?
A promoter is a region of mRNA where RNA polymerase binds.
Which molecule has a higher potential energy?
ATP
Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?
ATP
Which of the following is a type of cloning?
All of the above are types of cloning
Which of the following mutations can help lead to cancer?
All of the above would lead to cancer
Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.
Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.
What type of mutation leads to a frameshift in the reading of DNA?
Both insertions and deletions
How does ATP release energy that can be used by living cells?
By breaking a bond within an ATP molecule
What is the chemical equation for glucose?
C6H12O6
If the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the mRNA?
CGGUAAUG
Identify structure (b).
Centromere
Identify structure (c).
Chromatin
Identify the genotpye for family member (a).
DD or Dd
Identify the genotpye for family member (e).
DD or Dd
Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?
DNA that carries genes from different organisms
We use energy in many ways. What is one thing we cannot do to energy?
Destroy it
At what stage(s) is carbon dioxide needed in photosynthesis?
During the Calvin Cycle
What is the main cause of cancer?
Exposure to carcinogens in the environment
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?
Interphase
What is the role of light in photosynthesis?
It excites electrons
What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?
It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP.
Respiration is called aerobic because ________.
It requires oxygen
When I say a flower is "purple," what have I described?
Its phenotype
When does crossing over occur?
Meiosis I
According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
TCCGAAT
Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?
The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible.
What happens during the electron transport chain of the light reactions?
The electrons release their energy, which is captured by ATP and NADPH.
ATP molecules are charged during cellular respiration; where does the energy to charge the ATPs comes from?
The energy comes from the breaking of chemical bonds within glucose.
What does it mean when we say a gene is "turned off"?
The gene cannot be transcribed and translated into a protein.
Why can a person who is unable to produce insulin be successfully treated with insulin derived from genetically modified bacteria?
The gene that produces insulin in humans was inserted into the bacteria where it continues to produce human insulin.
Three of the following statements are correct. Identify the statement that is not correct regarding genetically modified organisms.
There are no risks associated with GM crops.
Where do the molecules used as the inputs of the Calvin cycles (ATP and NADPH) come from?
They come from the light reactions.
Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.
To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars
Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.
To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes
Ribosomes ________.
Translate mRNA into proteins
What is the main function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?
Unzipping the DNA double helix
Which of the following best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy = Sugar + Oxygen
A codon is ________.
a sequence of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA that corresponds to an amino acid
What is the phenotypic ratio for the offspring of a cross between a homozygous dominant (ZZ) and a homozygous recessive (zz)?
all dominant
Cell theory states that ________.
all life is made up of cells, and cells arise from preexisting cells
For what purpose does a plant use the sugars produced during photosynthesis?
all of the above
Which process produces identical offspring?
asexual reproduction
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are ________________.
autosomes
An individual can be homozygous for a trait, which means ________.
both of their alleles carry the same information
An individual who is homozygous _________________.
carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
Plastids are storage organelles. A chloroplast is a type of plastid. What does a chloroplast store?
chlorophyll
The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?
chloroplasts
DNA is found in structures called ________.
chromosomes
Genes are located on ________.
chromosomes
The division of cytoplasm is called?
cytokinesis
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
cytoplasm
Identify the genotpye for family member (c).
dd
What do the letters D-N-A stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA replication is a semi-conservative process. This means that after replication, ________.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?
electron transport chain
If mitosis makes somatic cells, what does meiosis make?
gametes
Meiosis is responsible for the production of __ .
gametes
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
A testcross is performed to determine if a specific individual is a carrier. The results generate a 50/50 ratio of phenotypes. The test subject is therefore ________.
heterozygous
Which genes are responsible for your overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they develop?
homeotic genes
What is the type of bond between two strands of DNA?
hydrogen bond
The offspring produced via asexual reproduction are genetically ________ to the parents.
identical
The RNA molecule, which exits the nucleus, is a specific kind of RNA called ________.
mRNA
Recessive disorders related to genes found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome are more commonly expressed in ________.
males
What produces four daughter cells?
meiosis
What is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?
metabolism
Where does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of ________.
mitosis
Which process produces two identical daughter cells?
mitosis
What leads to an individual having too many or two few chromosomes?
nondisjunction
What is the monomer or building block of the DNA polymer?
nucleotide
Which of the following organism is not a consumer?
oak tree
What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base
Assuming incomplete dominance, if a homozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring?
pink
The small circular molecules of DNA commonly found in bacteria are called ________.
plasmids
Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam.
potential
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
produce ATP
What is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is a gene?
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
The type of mutation that alters the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from that gene is called ________ mutation.
silent
What are attached at the centromere?
sister chromatids
Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet.
sun
What is energy?
the capacity to do work
The recessive trait is expressed in an individual when ________.
the individual has two recessive alleles
The bulk of the mass of a plant is made from ________.
the sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with _____ and guanine pairs with ______.
thymine and cytosine
If genes are described as "sex linked," then they are ________.
typically on the X chromosome
Cancer is ________.
uncontrolled cell growth
What are the main by-products of cellular respiration?
water and carbon dioxide
Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called a(n) ________.
zygote