bio metabolic pathways

The immediate source of energy in the cell that is used to perform work is

ATP

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?

ATP is made

A multicellular organism is a(n) ________ system because ________.

Open; it exposes energy with its surroundings

________ is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.

Phosphorylation

The two main types of anaerobic cellular respiration are lactic acid fermentation and ________.

alcoholic fermentation

catabolic reaction

breaking down complex molecules

Which of the following occur in the mitochondria?

citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain reaction

Which stage of cellular respiration releases the most carbon dioxide?

citric acid cycle?

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the randomness of the universe ________.

constantly increasing

What type of reaction will NOT take place on its own without the addition of free energy?

endergonic reaction

Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

energy in a food molecule

Choose the statement below that match the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

energy is constantly required to keep entropy low

A(n) ________ speeds up a reaction, while largely remaining unchanged itself.

enzyme

A reaction that can take place on its own without the addition of free energy is ________.

exergonic reaction

"Burning off" excess weight from Christmas cookies is an example of ________.

first law of thermodynamics

Conversion of energy from one form to another relates to the

first law of thermodynamics

Pyruvate kinase is considered the rate-limiting enzyme for ________.

glycolysis

________ makes 2 molecules of ATP and 2 NADH.

glycolysis

Lactic acid generated by fermentation in muscles ________.

is sent to the liver for conversion back into pyruvic acid

Part of the Calvin cycle is known as fixation because ________.

it converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates.

Energy associated with objects in motion is called ________.

kinetic energy

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

lactic acid fermentation

The conversion of ________ occurs in a photosystem inside chloroplasts.

light energy into chemical energy

________ reactions of photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into NADPH and ATP.

light-dependent

Enzymes function by.

lowering the activation energy of the reaction

Entropy is ________.

measure of disorder

Kinetic energy is the energy ________.

of objects in motion

Enzymes are typically specific to ________.

one substrate

A single-celled organism is a(n) ________ system because ________.

open; it exchanges energy with its surroundings

The majority of the ATP produced by cellular respiration comes from ________.

oxidative phosphorylation; the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Carbon dioxide is a substrate for________

photosynthesis

Nearly all living things ultimately depend on ________ to make food molecules

photosynthesis

Catabolic reactions ________ energy.

release

According to ________, energy is constantly required to keep entropy low.

second law of thermodynamics

Photosynthesis produces ________

simle sugars

The most direct method of phosphorylation is ________ phosphorylation.

substrate-level

Fixation, reduction, and regeneration are the three steps of what process?

the calvin cycle of photosynthesis

Chemiosmosis involves

the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane

________ is a lipid that is connected to the glucose pathways.

triglyceride