Bio Midterm

Insulin is a protein hormone that is released into the bloodstream from cells in your pancreas. Which of the following organelles will be directly responsible for its export from the cell?

Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following describes atoms of an element that vary in the number of neutrons?

Isotopes

Energy is never created or destroyed. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gas tank after your car comes to a stop as a result of running out of gas?

It was converted to heat

What is the one characteristic shared by aerobic cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation?

They all use glucose to make ATP

A tentative explanation for a set of observations

hypothesis

In order to transform the _______ of ATP into _______ available to do work, the bonds of ATP must be broken into ADP and an available phosphate group.

potential energy; kinetic energy

Red wavelengths of light will have more energy than purple wavelengths of light.

False

Which correctly identifies the correct order of different processes of cellular respiration?

1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport

What is the difference in [H+] between urine and lemon juice?

10,000X

In the following chemical equation, identify the reactants: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O

The relationship between an enzyme's active site and its substrate is most like which of the following?

A key and a lock

The energy contained in the food we eat directly powers all of our cellular activities.

False

Which would be more abundant in a muscle cell immediately after exercise?

ADP & Phosphate

When an electron is passed from the primary electron acceptor in the first photosystem to the second photosystem, it travels through an electron transport chain. What is produced as the electron travels through this electron transport chain?

ATP

Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules. In what form is that harvested energy available to power cell work?

ATP molecules

The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the _______________________.

Activation energy

Which of the following is a characteristic of carbohydrates?

All are characteristics of carbohydrates

_____ are the monomers from which large proteins are constructed.

Amino acids

When a photon of the correct energy is absorbed by a photosystem, an electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. How is the missing electron replaced?

An electron from hydrogen made available by splitting water replaces the missing electron

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of their specific type of matter

Atom

What two by-products are produced as a result of energy conversion during combustion of gasoline and cellular respiration?

CO2 & H2O

A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the _______________________.

Calvin cycle

The element ___________ is essential to an organic compound.

Carbon

What level of biological organization is represented by Figure 1.14 on page 12 of your textbook?

Cells

True or false: H2O is an element?

False

An attractive force that holds two atoms together is generically referred to as a(n)

Chemical bond

The process of photosynthesis occurs primarily in a plant's leaves. Based on this information, which of the following organelles would you expect to be present in the cells of plant leaves?

Chloroplasts

As the pH increases the [H+] ____________, and as the pH decreases the [H+] ____________.

Decreases; increases

Applying heat or substances with a pH less than 7.0 can cause proteins to_____________

Denature

The famous structure of a molecule of DNA is the ___________.

Double helix

A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance

Element

You have discovered a new cell and see that it has a Golgi apparatus. It could be a member of

Eukarya

Scientific tests where conditions can be controlled

Experiments

Jane Goodall is famous for her research on chimpanzees. Dr. Goodall observed the chimpanzees for long periods of time and made numerous observations of them that she recorded very carefully. Which stage of scientific inquiry is this considered?

Exploration

A rancher uses a particular chicken for breeding purposes because, on average, she observed that the chicken laid more eggs than other chickens. The rancher selecting the desirable trait would be considered an example of natural selection.

False

A substance that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to H+ (H+ would be able to leak across the membrane at points other than ATP synthase) would increase ATP production in mitochondria

False

During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas

False

Each "turn" of the Calvin cycle produces one molecule of glucose

False

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle directly make as much ATP as the electron transport chain

False

The one characteristic common to all lipids is that they are ___________ , which is in contrast to most other biological molecules.

Hydrophobic

Which of the following is a unique property of water?

Ice floats Water is a crucial solvent Cohesion Temperature regulation

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What is the principal difference between eukaryotes (Eukarya) and prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria)?

In eukaryotes, the interior of the cell is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments.

The fluidity in membranes is due to which molecule(s)?

Lipids

The majority of a cell's ATP is produced within which of the following organelles?

Mitochondria

The monomers of carbohydrates are ___________.

Monosaccharides

Aerobic refers to the fact that cellular respiration requires __________ .

O2

How many factors does a scientist want to differ between the experimental and control groups?

One

The driving force behind the electron transport chain is

Oxygen

A ________ is a fake treatment given to patients in the control group

Placebo

An organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis is called a____________

Producer

A scientist discovers a cell in a sample of water from Utah's Great Salt Lake. She discovers the cell has a cell wall, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Upon further microscopic observation the scientist notices the nucleoid region contains a single chromosome. Which of the following cells would it most likely be?

Prokaryote

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a cell membrane?

Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids

In lactic acid fermentation, __________ becomes the target of reduction by NADH

Pyruvic Acid

Regardless of its specific function, a protein's function is dependent upon__________________

Quaternary Structure

The branched structure of human lungs significantly increases the surface area for gas exchange. This greatly increases the efficiency of gas exchange within the lungs. Which of the following unifying themes of biology does this example illustrate?

Relationship to structure and function

The nuclear envelope has passages for substances moving into and out of the nucleus. These passages are called nuclear pores and they are made by proteins that are inserted into the plasma membrane that makes up the nuclear envelope. These proteins would be assembled by:

Ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

The Calvin cycle is cyclic because

RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction.

What would be the complementary sequence to the following strand of DNA? AGGCGATATAC

TCCGCTATATG

A cell's cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that help a cell keep its shape. What other important function does the cytoskeleton serve?

The cytoskeleton guides organelles that must move from place to place within the cell.

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains?

The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is water, while the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is molecular oxygen.

The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. If that is true, which accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system?

The ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are analogous to a production line in a factory, The Golgi apparatus is analogous to the packaging and shipping department, The nucleus is analogous to management offices

Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?

The shape of the enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate

A scientist removes the pair of chlorophyll-a molecules from the reaction-center complex. Which of the following consequences would be most likely to occur?

The transfer of energy from the light-harvesting complex to the reaction-center complex would stop.

A radioactive isotope is unstable, which means it gives off energy and particles.

True

Every energy conversion will increase the entropy within a system.

True

Photosynthesis

builds food for the organism

Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio

compound

A thorough review of scientific results prior to publication

peer review

recorded observations

data

In a scientific experiment, the investigator measures the response of the _______ variable(s).

dependent

Has almost no mass

electron

In constant motion

electrons

Anything that occupies space and takes up mass

matter

Atoms that are bonded to one another covalently

molecule

Center of an atom

nucleus

Found in the nucleus

protons and neutrons

One of the products of the citric acid cycle is CO2. This molecule is considered a waste molecule, since organisms performing aerobic cellular respiration will release it into the atmosphere. What reactant provided the carbon atoms used to produce this CO2?

pyruvic acid

Inquiry into how the natural world functions

science

Protons, electrons, and neutrons

subatomic particles