Bio Midterm
Insulin is a protein hormone that is released into the bloodstream from cells in your pancreas. Which of the following organelles will be directly responsible for its export from the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Which of the following describes atoms of an element that vary in the number of neutrons?
Isotopes
Energy is never created or destroyed. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gas tank after your car comes to a stop as a result of running out of gas?
It was converted to heat
What is the one characteristic shared by aerobic cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation?
They all use glucose to make ATP
A tentative explanation for a set of observations
hypothesis
In order to transform the _______ of ATP into _______ available to do work, the bonds of ATP must be broken into ADP and an available phosphate group.
potential energy; kinetic energy
Red wavelengths of light will have more energy than purple wavelengths of light.
False
Which correctly identifies the correct order of different processes of cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport
What is the difference in [H+] between urine and lemon juice?
10,000X
In the following chemical equation, identify the reactants: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
The relationship between an enzyme's active site and its substrate is most like which of the following?
A key and a lock
The energy contained in the food we eat directly powers all of our cellular activities.
False
Which would be more abundant in a muscle cell immediately after exercise?
ADP & Phosphate
When an electron is passed from the primary electron acceptor in the first photosystem to the second photosystem, it travels through an electron transport chain. What is produced as the electron travels through this electron transport chain?
ATP
Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules. In what form is that harvested energy available to power cell work?
ATP molecules
The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the _______________________.
Activation energy
Which of the following is a characteristic of carbohydrates?
All are characteristics of carbohydrates
_____ are the monomers from which large proteins are constructed.
Amino acids
When a photon of the correct energy is absorbed by a photosystem, an electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. How is the missing electron replaced?
An electron from hydrogen made available by splitting water replaces the missing electron
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of their specific type of matter
Atom
What two by-products are produced as a result of energy conversion during combustion of gasoline and cellular respiration?
CO2 & H2O
A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the _______________________.
Calvin cycle
The element ___________ is essential to an organic compound.
Carbon
What level of biological organization is represented by Figure 1.14 on page 12 of your textbook?
Cells
True or false: H2O is an element?
False
An attractive force that holds two atoms together is generically referred to as a(n)
Chemical bond
The process of photosynthesis occurs primarily in a plant's leaves. Based on this information, which of the following organelles would you expect to be present in the cells of plant leaves?
Chloroplasts
As the pH increases the [H+] ____________, and as the pH decreases the [H+] ____________.
Decreases; increases
Applying heat or substances with a pH less than 7.0 can cause proteins to_____________
Denature
The famous structure of a molecule of DNA is the ___________.
Double helix
A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance
Element
You have discovered a new cell and see that it has a Golgi apparatus. It could be a member of
Eukarya
Scientific tests where conditions can be controlled
Experiments
Jane Goodall is famous for her research on chimpanzees. Dr. Goodall observed the chimpanzees for long periods of time and made numerous observations of them that she recorded very carefully. Which stage of scientific inquiry is this considered?
Exploration
A rancher uses a particular chicken for breeding purposes because, on average, she observed that the chicken laid more eggs than other chickens. The rancher selecting the desirable trait would be considered an example of natural selection.
False
A substance that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to H+ (H+ would be able to leak across the membrane at points other than ATP synthase) would increase ATP production in mitochondria
False
During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas
False
Each "turn" of the Calvin cycle produces one molecule of glucose
False
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle directly make as much ATP as the electron transport chain
False
The one characteristic common to all lipids is that they are ___________ , which is in contrast to most other biological molecules.
Hydrophobic
Which of the following is a unique property of water?
Ice floats Water is a crucial solvent Cohesion Temperature regulation
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What is the principal difference between eukaryotes (Eukarya) and prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria)?
In eukaryotes, the interior of the cell is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments.
The fluidity in membranes is due to which molecule(s)?
Lipids
The majority of a cell's ATP is produced within which of the following organelles?
Mitochondria
The monomers of carbohydrates are ___________.
Monosaccharides
Aerobic refers to the fact that cellular respiration requires __________ .
O2
How many factors does a scientist want to differ between the experimental and control groups?
One
The driving force behind the electron transport chain is
Oxygen
A ________ is a fake treatment given to patients in the control group
Placebo
An organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis is called a____________
Producer
A scientist discovers a cell in a sample of water from Utah's Great Salt Lake. She discovers the cell has a cell wall, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Upon further microscopic observation the scientist notices the nucleoid region contains a single chromosome. Which of the following cells would it most likely be?
Prokaryote
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids
In lactic acid fermentation, __________ becomes the target of reduction by NADH
Pyruvic Acid
Regardless of its specific function, a protein's function is dependent upon__________________
Quaternary Structure
The branched structure of human lungs significantly increases the surface area for gas exchange. This greatly increases the efficiency of gas exchange within the lungs. Which of the following unifying themes of biology does this example illustrate?
Relationship to structure and function
The nuclear envelope has passages for substances moving into and out of the nucleus. These passages are called nuclear pores and they are made by proteins that are inserted into the plasma membrane that makes up the nuclear envelope. These proteins would be assembled by:
Ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
The Calvin cycle is cyclic because
RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction.
What would be the complementary sequence to the following strand of DNA? AGGCGATATAC
TCCGCTATATG
A cell's cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that help a cell keep its shape. What other important function does the cytoskeleton serve?
The cytoskeleton guides organelles that must move from place to place within the cell.
Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains?
The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is water, while the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is molecular oxygen.
The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. If that is true, which accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system?
The ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are analogous to a production line in a factory, The Golgi apparatus is analogous to the packaging and shipping department, The nucleus is analogous to management offices
Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?
The shape of the enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate
A scientist removes the pair of chlorophyll-a molecules from the reaction-center complex. Which of the following consequences would be most likely to occur?
The transfer of energy from the light-harvesting complex to the reaction-center complex would stop.
A radioactive isotope is unstable, which means it gives off energy and particles.
True
Every energy conversion will increase the entropy within a system.
True
Photosynthesis
builds food for the organism
Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio
compound
A thorough review of scientific results prior to publication
peer review
recorded observations
data
In a scientific experiment, the investigator measures the response of the _______ variable(s).
dependent
Has almost no mass
electron
In constant motion
electrons
Anything that occupies space and takes up mass
matter
Atoms that are bonded to one another covalently
molecule
Center of an atom
nucleus
Found in the nucleus
protons and neutrons
One of the products of the citric acid cycle is CO2. This molecule is considered a waste molecule, since organisms performing aerobic cellular respiration will release it into the atmosphere. What reactant provided the carbon atoms used to produce this CO2?
pyruvic acid
Inquiry into how the natural world functions
science
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
subatomic particles