Bio new

18. What rules govern base pairing?

A to t and g to c and they hydrogen bond

2. Glucose forms a ring structure. What are the atoms that make up the ring? -

C6H12O6

8. How many electrons does it take to fill the valence shells of C, H, O and N? -

C=4 H=1 O=2 N=3

2. 96% of living matter is composed of which elements? -

H O N C

7. What are the components of a phospholipid? Why do these molecules spontaneously form bilayers in water?

Hydrophilic head with two fatty acid tails. The heads go to the water and the hydrophobig tails group with eachother in hydrophobic interaction.

8. What is the function of lysosomes and vacuoles?

Lysosomes are vacule that contain enzymes from the er that breack down material and old organesll

14. What are the different types of cytoskeletal fibers and where are they found? What are the functions of the various cytoskeletal fibers? -

Micro filaments microtubulets and intermediate fillamates. Microtubules move things inside the cell like vacuoles from the er to the golgi they also make up flagellum. Microfillamants allow cells muscels to contract and are temporary. Intermeadiate fibers reinforce the cell

11. Which organelles are not part of the endomembrane system?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

16. What are the various types of contact points between cells? How do they differ functionally?

Plasmadesmata does cytoplasmic connections between the PLANT cell, tight junctins are like glue that hold two cell together, desosomes are like rivests that hold cells together, Gap junctions channels between cells for transport

15. What is the extracellular matrix in animal cells? The cell wall in plant cells?

The extracellular matrix in animal cells is glycol protiens outside the cell that help cells stick and monitor info, the cell wall

19. DNA strands are described as being "complementary" and "anti-parallel". What does that mean?

They are complimentary because they co togethers but theyantiperallel.

11. What is a peptide bond? What is a dehydration synthesis reaction? -

a peptide bond is the bond that forms between amino acids formed by the dehydration reaction.

3. What is the structure of the nuclear envelope? What are nuclear pore complexes?

a phosphor lipid by layer and they are small holes that allow for transportation

6. What pH range does an acidic, basic, or neutral solution have? What does pH have to do with H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration?

acids have a ph below 7 and bases have a ph above 7. Ph is the amount of hydrogen ions in a substance.

9. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Can you recognize the chemical structure of an amino acid?

amino acids are a amino group a carboxyl group with an extra hydrogen and then an r functional side group and a carbon.

1. How do atoms fill their valence shell? What happens when an atom loses or gains an electron?

atoms fill there valance shell either by ionic or covalent bonds. When an atom gains an electron it is an anion and when it looses one it's a cation.

7. How do two atoms share a pair of electrons? What effect does this have on their valence shells? -

atoms share electrons in covalent bonds which gives each atoms valence shell the affect of the electrons

9. Why are lysosome contents separated from the cytoplasm?

becasue they are digestive

4. Which of these side groups can function as an acid or a base? Why?

carboxyl groups are acidic because the ditch Hydrogen into the solution and amino groups are bases because they take hydrogen out.

4. What is concentration? What is a solute? What is a solvent?

concentration is the amount of solute in a solvent messerd in moles per liter . Solute is what is being dissolved in the solvent.

5. What is a covalent bond? What is the difference between a polar and a non-polar covalent bond? -

covalent bonds are when atoms share electrons. They are polar when one atom has a greater electronegativity and pulls more on the other atoms electrons. They are nonpolar when the atoms have equal electronegativity and they equally share electrons.

1. What is the role of a dehydration synthesis reaction in the formation of a polymer? What does the hydrolysis reaction do to a polymer?

dehydration takes an oh out of one monomer and an h out of the other so they can form a covalent bond. Hydrolysis adds a water to break polymers apart.

6. What are electronegative elements? How do they contribute to the formation of polar covalent bonds? -

electronegative elements have a greater attraction to electrons.

15. What are some examples of protein functions? -

enzymes antibodies structure transport cell cmmunication

1. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

eukarotes have membrane bound organells and a dna which is surrounded by a nuclear envolope

9. Why are hydrogen bonds important for biological molecules? Can you give an example of a biological molecule that contains hydrogen bonds? -

hydrogen bonds are important because they give molocules the properties to bond with eachother like water. Plants can bring water up their roots.

3. How do hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds interact with water?

hydrophobic do not communicate with water and clumb together. Hydrophilic form hydrogen bonds with water

5. What is an isomer? Can you give examples of structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers?

isomers have the same atomic composition but different stuctures.

4. What are isotopes? How do isotopes of carbon differ from each other? -

isotopes are atoms with a diferent number of neutrons

5. What are lipids? What characteristic defines a lipid?

lipids are fats phospholipids and steroids. They are hydrophobic.

10. What does mass conservation law state? -

mass in a closed system will remain constant

1. What is an organic molecule? What are the advantages to using carbon as a building block for organic molecules?

organic molocules have carbon based structures. Carbon is a good building block because it can have up to 4 bonds.

7. What is the formula used to calculate pH? What is the pH of pure water? How many H+ are in pure water?

pH is the number to the negative log. Water with a ph of 7 has 10^-7 hydrogen ion moles in 1L

4. What are the functions of polysaccharides?

poly sacarideds are for energy storage and structure.

12. What determines the shape of a protein? What is primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure?

primary is the structure of amino acids that are peptide bonded. Secondary is the alph helix a the b sheet which is determind by hydrogen bonds. Tertary structure is the final 3d structure and it involves hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interacts, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges: between r groups. The quartary structure is who al; tertary structures come together.

8. What are saturated and unsaturated fats? How can they be distinguished at room temperature?

saturated fats do not have double bonds and are solid at room tempature. Unsaturated fats do have double bonds and are liwuid at room tempature. Unsaturated fats can not pack close enough to solidify.

13. How is the 3-D shape of a protein stabilized? What are hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds?

the 3d structure is stabilized with hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactotions are between the r groups and

10. What is the endomembrane system in cells?

the endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and preform metabolic functions.

6. What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus? Where do proteins go from the Golgi?

the golgi receves from the er and then modifies them with sugars or just transports them to the rest of the cell.

12. What is the structure and function of mitochondria? What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

the mitochondira have an outer membrane and then a folded membrane inside. Indide that is the matrix and then the inermebrane. Mitichondria do celluar resperation to make atp..

5. What is rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Which classes of molecules are synthesized in the rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

the rough er has ribosomes for protein synthesi and then ships them the smooth er has enzymes and Ca

17. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? What are deoxyribose and ribose? -

the sugar that makes up the phosphate backbone. DNA contains the info to make MRNA

13. What is the endosymbiont theory?

the theory that eukaryotes came from prokaryoets and they develped

7. How are cell contents moved from one location to another (i.e. from ER to Golgi)?

they are transported in vesicles that pinch off the er that are recived by the golgi cis face then the golgi will ship them of through the trans face.

1. Why is water a polar molecule? What type of bonds do water molecules form with each other?

they form hydrogen bonds.

2. Why are eukaryotic cells compartmentalized? What is the advantage of compartmentalization?

they increase the division of labor specific things can accur in specic place

16. What are the components of a nucleotide? How are nucleotides arranged to form DNA or RNA? Which part of the molecule is the "backbone"?

they make up dna, made of a phosphate group a 5c sugar and one of five nitrogonouse bases. Nucleotides are arrange to make dn and rna by taking the sugar from one nucleotide and attatching it to the phosphate of another. The backbone is the sugar phosphate bond.

4. What is the function of ribosomes? Where are they located?

they synthesize protiens and can be located in the cytoplasa or on the er

6. What are the components of a triglyceride (fat)?

triglycerides (fats) are a glycerol + three fatty acids. Dehydration combines the three fatty acids with the glycerol.

3. What do you call two sugar monomers that are linked together?

two sugar monomers are called disacarideds.

2. Give examples of variations in the carbon skeleton. What is the difference between 1-butene and 2-butene? What is the difference between butane and isobutane?

variations include length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings, 1 butene vs 2 is a difference in double bond position butane and isobutene is branching.

5. Why is water a good solvent? What types of solutes dissolve in water (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)?

what is a good solvent because it ability to form hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic things.

14. What is protein denaturation (think about egg whites in a skillet)? Is a denatured protein still functional? Why or why not?

when a protein gets broken down and unravels this is caused by heat pH and chemical conditions. They are not functional after

20. If you are given a sequence of bases on one strand of DNA, can you predict the base sequence on the complementary strand?

yes

3. How can you distinguish one element from another (why is a carbon atom different from a nitrogen atom)? -

you can distinguish atoms by their number of protons