Exam 3

Historical research has both quantitative and qualitative natures

FALSE

Narrative vignette is a short description of an event or situation

FALSE

Which hypothesis is stated in the null form?

There is no difference between the vocabulary scores of average- and high-ability students.

In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents

a medium difference in knowledge of AIDS between boys and girls

A null hypothesis is

a statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments

Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire.

determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing

A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the

effect size

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called

effect size

The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called

external criticism

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called

focus groups

The major weakness of cohort studies is

inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

Which of the following represents a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?

notes taken by a spectator at the game

Which of the following are most difficult to quantitatively analyze in a questionnaire study?

open-ended items

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is

statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness

Which of the following is NOT true about a mixed-method study?

the emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?

the pretest standard deviation

When a researcher states that a result is significant, this means that

the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence

What are three things a researcher could do to increase the power?

Set a large α; increase sample size; use one-tailed test

If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a

type II error

In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of

using three different sources to obtain evidence to support conclusions

How to interpret r value using effect size suggested by Cohen (1988, 1992)?

0.1 small ES; 0.3 moderate ES; 0.5 large ES

In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The pooled standard deviation was 5. From these data, what is the ES?

0.80

A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a _____ study.

Normative survey

What is power? What is the suggested power in behavioral science?

Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; 0.8

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

case-control study

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease- free population who are then classified as exercisers and non exercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a

cohort study

Which of the following techniques show that the qualitative researcher was concerned with trustworthiness during data analysis?

control researcher bias & peer debriefing

A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the

Delphi survey method

What should be included in method section about the instrumentations? (

Detailed description of the test(s) used for measurements; validity and reliability of the tests

Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean and standard deviation) should be reported in a quantitative research.

TRUE

List four things that should be reported in the method section about the participants.

Who the participants will be; how they will be chosen; how many participants are planned; whether there is any special characteristics of importance about participants; how the participants' right and privacy will be protected; how informed consent will be obtained.