Exam 3
Historical research has both quantitative and qualitative natures
FALSE
Narrative vignette is a short description of an event or situation
FALSE
Which hypothesis is stated in the null form?
There is no difference between the vocabulary scores of average- and high-ability students.
In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents
a medium difference in knowledge of AIDS between boys and girls
A null hypothesis is
a statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments
Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire.
determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing
A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the
effect size
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called
effect size
The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called
external criticism
A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called
focus groups
The major weakness of cohort studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
Which of the following represents a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?
notes taken by a spectator at the game
Which of the following are most difficult to quantitatively analyze in a questionnaire study?
open-ended items
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is
statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness
Which of the following is NOT true about a mixed-method study?
the emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies
In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?
the pretest standard deviation
When a researcher states that a result is significant, this means that
the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence
What are three things a researcher could do to increase the power?
Set a large α; increase sample size; use one-tailed test
If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a
type II error
In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of
using three different sources to obtain evidence to support conclusions
How to interpret r value using effect size suggested by Cohen (1988, 1992)?
0.1 small ES; 0.3 moderate ES; 0.5 large ES
In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The pooled standard deviation was 5. From these data, what is the ES?
0.80
A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a _____ study.
Normative survey
What is power? What is the suggested power in behavioral science?
Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; 0.8
A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the
case-control study
A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease- free population who are then classified as exercisers and non exercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a
cohort study
Which of the following techniques show that the qualitative researcher was concerned with trustworthiness during data analysis?
control researcher bias & peer debriefing
A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the
Delphi survey method
What should be included in method section about the instrumentations? (
Detailed description of the test(s) used for measurements; validity and reliability of the tests
Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean and standard deviation) should be reported in a quantitative research.
TRUE
List four things that should be reported in the method section about the participants.
Who the participants will be; how they will be chosen; how many participants are planned; whether there is any special characteristics of importance about participants; how the participants' right and privacy will be protected; how informed consent will be obtained.
