Vertebral Column
a typical thoracic vertebra contains ___ costal facets
3
the coccyx consists of ___ to ___ fused vertebrae
3, 4
the sacrum consists of __ fused vertebrae
5
the articular facets of the apophyseal joints of thoracic vertebrae face ______/_____ and slope ______/______
anterior/posterior, superior/inferior
intervertebral discs are thicker ______ in the cervical and lumbar regions, contributing to _______
anteriorly, lordoses
cervical vertebrae have small vertebral _____ containing ______ processes that form _____ joints, C3-C6 have bifid ______ ______, and transverse ______ through which the vertebral arteries pass
bodies, uncinate, uncovertebral, spinous processes, foramina
name the features of a typical vertebrae starting at the body moving clockwise
body, pedicle, transverse process, articular facet, lamina, spinous process, lamina, articular facet, transverse process, pedicle
C1 (atlas) does not have a vertebral ______ or a ______ ______ - instead it has anterior and posterior ________
body, spinous process, tubercles
C2 (axis) contains a process called the _____ which articulates with the articular facet on the _______ arch of the atlas (C1)
dens (odontoid process), anterior
intervertebral discs contain bands of ____-cartilage and connective tissue called an ______ _____ as well as a gel core called a ______ ______ that helps reduce _______ forces
fibro, annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus, compression
costal joints are those between the (1) ____ of the rib and the superior and inferior ___-facets on thoracic vertebral ______ and (2) the ______ of ribs and costal facets on the ______ ______ of thoracic vertebra ___ through ___
head, demi, bodies, tubercles, transverse processes, T1, T10
a typical thoracic vertebra has a _____-shaped body, a relatively round and narrow _____ ______, articulations for ribs on both the ______ ______ and vertebral ______, as well as long, posterioinferiorly sloping ______ _______
heart, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, body, spinous processes
the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) prevents _______ of the vertebral column and disc herniation ______
hyperextension, anteriorly
the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) prevents _________ of the vertebral column and disc herniation ______
hyperflexion, posteriorly
the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae and the IV discs connecting them form _____ _____, in which the spinal ______ of the posterior root are located and through which the ______ ______ emerge
intervertebral foramina, ganglia, spinal nerves
a typical lumbar vertebra contains a massive, _____-shaped body with apophyseal facets facing ______/_____
kidney, medial/lateral
the ligamentum flavum runs between adjacent vertebral ______ and resists vertebral ______
laminae, separation
the ______ ligament is an expanded cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament
nuchal
cervical vertebral facets face ______/______ and are sloped ______/______
superior/inferior, anterior/posterior
the superior-most portion of the posterior longitudinal ligament is called the _______ _______ and helps hold the _____ against the ______ tubercle of the atlas
tectorial membrane, dens, anterior
each vertebra contains a _____ _____ through which the spinal cord passes, while several stacked vertebrae form the _____ ______ through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen, vertebral canal