Vertebral Column

a typical thoracic vertebra contains ___ costal facets

3

the coccyx consists of ___ to ___ fused vertebrae

3, 4

the sacrum consists of __ fused vertebrae

5

the articular facets of the apophyseal joints of thoracic vertebrae face ______/_____ and slope ______/______

anterior/posterior, superior/inferior

intervertebral discs are thicker ______ in the cervical and lumbar regions, contributing to _______

anteriorly, lordoses

cervical vertebrae have small vertebral _____ containing ______ processes that form _____ joints, C3-C6 have bifid ______ ______, and transverse ______ through which the vertebral arteries pass

bodies, uncinate, uncovertebral, spinous processes, foramina

name the features of a typical vertebrae starting at the body moving clockwise

body, pedicle, transverse process, articular facet, lamina, spinous process, lamina, articular facet, transverse process, pedicle

C1 (atlas) does not have a vertebral ______ or a ______ ______ - instead it has anterior and posterior ________

body, spinous process, tubercles

C2 (axis) contains a process called the _____ which articulates with the articular facet on the _______ arch of the atlas (C1)

dens (odontoid process), anterior

intervertebral discs contain bands of ____-cartilage and connective tissue called an ______ _____ as well as a gel core called a ______ ______ that helps reduce _______ forces

fibro, annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus, compression

costal joints are those between the (1) ____ of the rib and the superior and inferior ___-facets on thoracic vertebral ______ and (2) the ______ of ribs and costal facets on the ______ ______ of thoracic vertebra ___ through ___

head, demi, bodies, tubercles, transverse processes, T1, T10

a typical thoracic vertebra has a _____-shaped body, a relatively round and narrow _____ ______, articulations for ribs on both the ______ ______ and vertebral ______, as well as long, posterioinferiorly sloping ______ _______

heart, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, body, spinous processes

the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) prevents _______ of the vertebral column and disc herniation ______

hyperextension, anteriorly

the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) prevents _________ of the vertebral column and disc herniation ______

hyperflexion, posteriorly

the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae and the IV discs connecting them form _____ _____, in which the spinal ______ of the posterior root are located and through which the ______ ______ emerge

intervertebral foramina, ganglia, spinal nerves

a typical lumbar vertebra contains a massive, _____-shaped body with apophyseal facets facing ______/_____

kidney, medial/lateral

the ligamentum flavum runs between adjacent vertebral ______ and resists vertebral ______

laminae, separation

the ______ ligament is an expanded cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament

nuchal

cervical vertebral facets face ______/______ and are sloped ______/______

superior/inferior, anterior/posterior

the superior-most portion of the posterior longitudinal ligament is called the _______ _______ and helps hold the _____ against the ______ tubercle of the atlas

tectorial membrane, dens, anterior

each vertebra contains a _____ _____ through which the spinal cord passes, while several stacked vertebrae form the _____ ______ through which the spinal cord passes

vertebral foramen, vertebral canal