bio test 3 review
Which of the following statements is true about the amino acids that are required by adult humans?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
A newborn is diagnosed shortly after birth with a rare heart defect that prevented the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle from fully forming. Which of the following would be an expected outcome of this defect?
Body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal.
Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is true?
Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.
Why do humans rely on a circulatory system to distribute oxygen?
Diffusion is very slow over all but the shortest distances, so oxygen must be delivered to our cells to speed up the process.
One of the most common knee injuries is the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?
Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend
Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?
Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.
Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous pair?
They carry the same genes
Vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. Which of the following statements about the muscles she is strengthening is true?
They have tendons that are connected to bones.
Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding
Vitamin K
People who experience pain might argue that they would be better off without pain receptors. Why is it important for humans to have pain receptors?
a. Pain receptors are important in preventing damage to tissues b. Pain receptors could prevent life threatening injuries.
tissue types in hand
all 4
Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is
an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.
constriction of trachea
asthma
inflammation of trachea
asthma
mucus build up in trachea
asthma
wheezing/whistling sound
asthma
coughing/shortness of breath
asthma and pneumonia
cell division in prokaryotes is called
binary fission
whic of the following is not a contributor to genetic variation
binary fission
loss of cell cycle control may lead to
cancer
If a disease reduces the number of villi within the small intestine one would expect a(n)
decrease in the surface area for absorption
is a zygote diploid or haploid
diploid
best way to remove kidney stones
drink lots of water
primary component of skin
epithelial
storage of bile
gallbladder
meiosis produces
genetically diverse gametes through crossing-over
alcohol surpresses the kidney's ability to reabsorb water. what common consequence of drinking alcohol is related to this fact and how might you alleviate it?
hangovers (headaches, nauseau etc) --> drink water
where is the majority of oxygen carried in the blood?
hemoglobin
drop of blood through circulatory system
left atrium - left ventricle - arteries - capillaries - veins - right atrium - right ventricle - lungs - left atrium
Flow of blood
left atrium - valve - left ventricle - valve - leg - right atrium - valve - right ventricle - lung
If a person drinks a large sugary cola, his or her blood glucose levels will rise. Cells within his or her pancreas will respond by producing insulin, a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells. As more glucose enters his or her cells, there will be less glucose in the bloodstream. Once the glucose level in his or her blood has dropped to a healthy concentration, his or her pancreas will cease to produce extra insulin. The ceasing of the pancreas' production of insulin in this scenario is an example of a ________ loop.
negative feedback
systems that regulate other systems activities
nervous and endocrine
secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine
pancreas
where is the majority of CO2 carried in the blood?
plasma
poor gas exchange due to liquid/mucus buildup in alveoli
pneumonia
stabbing pain
pneumonia
Some species of fish that live in the extremely cold waters of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein that prevents water from freezing. This protein might be important to homeostasis because it would
prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low.
The goal of meiosis is to
produce eggs and sperm
reabsorption vs secretion
reabsorption = urine -> blood; back in secretion = blood -> urine; out
not a contributor to genetic variation
replication of sister chromatids
production of acid and protein-digesting enzymes
stomach
At high altitudes, gases are less concentrated. You might gasp for air, because
the amount of oxygen that could diffuse into your blood will be decreased.
Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?
the large intestine
Which of the following organs plays a role in producing vitamin D?
the skin
After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of an accumulation of fluid within the knee. This condition is referred to as "water on the knee." A likely source of this fluid would be
the synovial sac
which of the following occurs in bladder but not nephrons?
urine storage
movement of water and waste within a nephron
water/waste both filter through glomerulus; water later reabsorbed through capillaries
sexual reproduction
1. separation of homologous chroms 2. separation of sister chromatids 3. cytokinesis producing 4 haploid daughter cells 4. fusion of 2 gametes 5. mitosis within zygote leading to multicellular organism
An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?
12
Which of the following things would you expect to happen if a knee joint was formed without any cartilage?
Bones within the knee would experience friction.
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?
Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.
One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?
The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.
This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes
Vitamin A
Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy
Vitamin C
Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.
Vitamin D
This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes
Vitamin E
A college student tracks her diet for several weeks as part of a nutrition project. During the tracking period, she realizes that her diet is rich in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits, nuts, and fish, but that she tends to avoid most leafy green vegetables. Which of the following vitamins is MOST likely deficient in her diet?
Vitamin K
homologous chromosomes are
a pair of chromosomes of the same kind
During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of
a positive feedback loop
as you are driving to school one morning the driver in front of you suddenly slams on his brakes and turns right without using his turning signal. despite the potentially irritating situation, you remain calm because your _________ helped you control your emotions
cerebrum
ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendons
connect bone to muscle
primary component of bone
connective tissue
if the glomerulus remained intact but other capillaries weren't in close proximity w/ nephrons, which function would not be lost?
filtration of plasma wouldn't be lost; COULD NOT: secrete toxins, concentration of urine, reabsorb water/sugar
meiosis 1 separates
homologous chromosomes
A correlation, but not a causation, has been shown between vitamin D and non-skeletal diseases. One hypothesis is that
inflammation associated with diseases reduces vitamin D levels.
if a cell isnt destined to separate into daughter cells what phase does it enter? is this part of the cell cycle?
it enters the G0 phase which is not part of cell cycle
effects of not peeing
kidney infection
why are knee injuries so common
knees are critical for running and many sports involve running. so many components of the knee must function together that damage to one affects functioning of the entire knee
absorption of water and minerals
large intestine
when in cell cycle does DNA separate into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
late in the mitotic phase of cell division
production of bile
liver
why must kidney stones be removed?
may block ureter causing urine to back up into nephrons and toxins to build up in blood
____ produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell has
meiosis
purpose of pacemaker?
monitors heart rate and uses electromagnetism to help if the rate is too low; stops heart rate from dropping too low
beginning of starch digestion
mouth
path of food
mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - colon - anus
If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only, which of the following body functions would be affected?
movement of materials through the digestive system
systems that transport oxygen
respiratory and circulatory
muscle structure
sarcomere - myofibril - myofibril bundles - muscle tissue - muscle
meiosis 2 separates
sister chromatids
secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of most nutrients
small intestine
What is released from the kidney and where does it go after released?
urine; ureter - bladder - urethra