bio test 3 review

Which of the following statements is true about the amino acids that are required by adult humans?

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

A newborn is diagnosed shortly after birth with a rare heart defect that prevented the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle from fully forming. Which of the following would be an expected outcome of this defect?

Body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal.

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is true?

Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.

Why do humans rely on a circulatory system to distribute oxygen?

Diffusion is very slow over all but the shortest distances, so oxygen must be delivered to our cells to speed up the process.

One of the most common knee injuries is the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?

Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend

Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?

Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.

Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous pair?

They carry the same genes

Vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. Which of the following statements about the muscles she is strengthening is true?

They have tendons that are connected to bones.

Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding

Vitamin K

People who experience pain might argue that they would be better off without pain receptors. Why is it important for humans to have pain receptors?

a. Pain receptors are important in preventing damage to tissues b. Pain receptors could prevent life threatening injuries.

tissue types in hand

all 4

Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is

an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.

constriction of trachea

asthma

inflammation of trachea

asthma

mucus build up in trachea

asthma

wheezing/whistling sound

asthma

coughing/shortness of breath

asthma and pneumonia

cell division in prokaryotes is called

binary fission

whic of the following is not a contributor to genetic variation

binary fission

loss of cell cycle control may lead to

cancer

If a disease reduces the number of villi within the small intestine one would expect a(n)

decrease in the surface area for absorption

is a zygote diploid or haploid

diploid

best way to remove kidney stones

drink lots of water

primary component of skin

epithelial

storage of bile

gallbladder

meiosis produces

genetically diverse gametes through crossing-over

alcohol surpresses the kidney's ability to reabsorb water. what common consequence of drinking alcohol is related to this fact and how might you alleviate it?

hangovers (headaches, nauseau etc) --> drink water

where is the majority of oxygen carried in the blood?

hemoglobin

drop of blood through circulatory system

left atrium - left ventricle - arteries - capillaries - veins - right atrium - right ventricle - lungs - left atrium

Flow of blood

left atrium - valve - left ventricle - valve - leg - right atrium - valve - right ventricle - lung

If a person drinks a large sugary cola, his or her blood glucose levels will rise. Cells within his or her pancreas will respond by producing insulin, a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells. As more glucose enters his or her cells, there will be less glucose in the bloodstream. Once the glucose level in his or her blood has dropped to a healthy concentration, his or her pancreas will cease to produce extra insulin. The ceasing of the pancreas' production of insulin in this scenario is an example of a ________ loop.

negative feedback

systems that regulate other systems activities

nervous and endocrine

secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine

pancreas

where is the majority of CO2 carried in the blood?

plasma

poor gas exchange due to liquid/mucus buildup in alveoli

pneumonia

stabbing pain

pneumonia

Some species of fish that live in the extremely cold waters of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein that prevents water from freezing. This protein might be important to homeostasis because it would

prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low.

The goal of meiosis is to

produce eggs and sperm

reabsorption vs secretion

reabsorption = urine -> blood; back in secretion = blood -> urine; out

not a contributor to genetic variation

replication of sister chromatids

production of acid and protein-digesting enzymes

stomach

At high altitudes, gases are less concentrated. You might gasp for air, because

the amount of oxygen that could diffuse into your blood will be decreased.

Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?

the large intestine

Which of the following organs plays a role in producing vitamin D?

the skin

After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of an accumulation of fluid within the knee. This condition is referred to as "water on the knee." A likely source of this fluid would be

the synovial sac

which of the following occurs in bladder but not nephrons?

urine storage

movement of water and waste within a nephron

water/waste both filter through glomerulus; water later reabsorbed through capillaries

sexual reproduction

1. separation of homologous chroms 2. separation of sister chromatids 3. cytokinesis producing 4 haploid daughter cells 4. fusion of 2 gametes 5. mitosis within zygote leading to multicellular organism

An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?

12

Which of the following things would you expect to happen if a knee joint was formed without any cartilage?

Bones within the knee would experience friction.

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?

Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?

The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.

This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes

Vitamin A

Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy

Vitamin C

Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.

Vitamin D

This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes

Vitamin E

A college student tracks her diet for several weeks as part of a nutrition project. During the tracking period, she realizes that her diet is rich in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits, nuts, and fish, but that she tends to avoid most leafy green vegetables. Which of the following vitamins is MOST likely deficient in her diet?

Vitamin K

homologous chromosomes are

a pair of chromosomes of the same kind

During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of

a positive feedback loop

as you are driving to school one morning the driver in front of you suddenly slams on his brakes and turns right without using his turning signal. despite the potentially irritating situation, you remain calm because your _________ helped you control your emotions

cerebrum

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

connect bone to muscle

primary component of bone

connective tissue

if the glomerulus remained intact but other capillaries weren't in close proximity w/ nephrons, which function would not be lost?

filtration of plasma wouldn't be lost; COULD NOT: secrete toxins, concentration of urine, reabsorb water/sugar

meiosis 1 separates

homologous chromosomes

A correlation, but not a causation, has been shown between vitamin D and non-skeletal diseases. One hypothesis is that

inflammation associated with diseases reduces vitamin D levels.

if a cell isnt destined to separate into daughter cells what phase does it enter? is this part of the cell cycle?

it enters the G0 phase which is not part of cell cycle

effects of not peeing

kidney infection

why are knee injuries so common

knees are critical for running and many sports involve running. so many components of the knee must function together that damage to one affects functioning of the entire knee

absorption of water and minerals

large intestine

when in cell cycle does DNA separate into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

late in the mitotic phase of cell division

production of bile

liver

why must kidney stones be removed?

may block ureter causing urine to back up into nephrons and toxins to build up in blood

____ produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell has

meiosis

purpose of pacemaker?

monitors heart rate and uses electromagnetism to help if the rate is too low; stops heart rate from dropping too low

beginning of starch digestion

mouth

path of food

mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - colon - anus

If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only, which of the following body functions would be affected?

movement of materials through the digestive system

systems that transport oxygen

respiratory and circulatory

muscle structure

sarcomere - myofibril - myofibril bundles - muscle tissue - muscle

meiosis 2 separates

sister chromatids

secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of most nutrients

small intestine

What is released from the kidney and where does it go after released?

urine; ureter - bladder - urethra