Bio test
The cell nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear membrane, which has pores. Why are these pores needed?
mRNA and ribosomes must be able to leave the nucleus in order for translation to occur
When a plant has wilted it is most likely due to what condition
A decrease in turgor pressure resulting in a central vacuole that lacks water.
Eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, and ribosomes. Are these structures that are found in cells other than eukaryotic cells.
All of these structures are found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
The template section of DNA has the following base sequence: TTA GTA CCG AAC What would be the resulting sequence of amino acids in the protein produced?
Asparagine-Histidine-Glycine-Leucine
It is considered that chloroplasts and mitochondria were prokaryotes taken in by another prokaryote, resulting in eukaryotic cells. What evidence supports this theory?
Both of these organelles have their own DNA
Once proteins have been assembled, they are prepared and shipped out of the endoplasmic reticulum to yet another cell organelle. Describe this preparation and transport.
Carbohydrates are often linked to the proteins, forming glycoproteins, which are then packed into vesicles and are transported to the golgi apparatus
Animals and plants can become quite large in size. How is this possible given the relationships between surface area and volume of the cells?
Eukaryotes are able to develop into large organisms because they are multicellular
mitochondrial eve is considered to be the first female that gave rise to all humans. What is some of the evidence to support this theory?
Humans inherit all organelles from the female and the mitochondria contain their own DNA
Describe the function of the endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules.
Cell respiration must take place near a membrane. Within which organelle does cell respiration occur, and what is the structure of this organelle?
The mitochondrion with its matrix and intermembrane spaces where cell respiration occurs.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, rough and smooth. Their structures reflect their different functions within the cell. Describe the structure and function of each type of endoplasmic reticulum.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is rough because it has ribosomes embedded in the er. The smooth er does not have ribosomes embedded. It is the site of lipid synthesis and detoxification of the cell.
Insulin is a secretory protein. Describe this process of secretion?
The vesicle containing insulin fuses with the plasma membrane. The vesicle then opens up and the insulin is released outside of the cell
Describe one of the roles of lysosomes within the cells?
They contain enzymes which can hydrolyze molecules.
A peroxisome is a special type of lysosome that performs a critical function for cells. What do they contain and what is this critical function?
They contain enzymes which hydrolyzes hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to cells.
Junctions between plant cells must allow for passage of water, food, and chemical messages between the cell walls. How can these materials pass between such rigid plant cell walls?
Through plasmodesmata, channels where openings allow the passage of materials
Name the cell structure that is a network of fibers composed of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and microtubules and describe what function it performs for the cell.
cytoskeleton provides structural support and may assist in cell movement.
What is the overall function of the entire endomembrane system of the cell?
to make a protein, then process and ship it to where it is needed, either inside or outside of the cell.
