Bio Unit 5 Module 1
What has scientists noticed about glaciers since the 1970s?
, scientists have noticed that there has been a global loss of ice mass in glaciers
What is step 1 of greenhouse gas effect?
1. Solar energy strikes the earth
What is Metahne?
CH4 Very powerful at storing and infrared heat being used to release to outer space
Global warming is saying that earth's temp has increased, but we also have to include what?
climate change which is an overall change in weather patterns
WHAT show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
Hurricanes and tornadoes
How old can glaciers be?
be several hundred to several thousand years of age
Changes in ocean chemistry prevents organisms to have ?
protection
What do you have tp watch bc it will cause major problems
Have to watch amount bc too much heat sink s bad
Where do flooding show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
California
What are the Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Water vapor CFCS
What are the steps of co2 dissolving in water?
1. CO2 dissolves in water and interacts w it to form carbonic acid 2. Carbonic acids increase hydrogen ions (H+) - Affects pH 3. Ocean acidification: lowering the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time - Occurring when CO2 dissolves in water - Makes it acidic 4. Ocean absorbed about 30% of release of CO2 in ATM, but they are increasing so the levels that ocean is abosrining is increasing - More acidic, less carbonate in oceans
What are the steps of the greenhouse effect?
1. Solar energy strikes the earth 2. Energy from the sun is absorbed where it strikes oceans and darker portions of the planet [it is reflected by snow and ice] - If hits dark places, it is absorbed and is released as infrared energy - If it hit light places, it is reflected 3. Solar energy is gradually released from the oceans and dark surfaces, moving back into the atmosphere as heat energy 4. some of the heat energy is trapped by gases like water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [some of the heat escapes into space]
, the avg temp in the united states has already increased by
1.2˚F (0.7˚C)
For centuries, atmospheric CO2 has never done reached above a certain line, but when did it change and go over?
1950s
Since the late ?, the extent of sea ice in the Artic has been decreasing
1970s
Since the when, the avg temp of the planet has been increasing
1980s
What is step 2 of greenhouse gas effect?
2. Energy from the sun is absorbed where it strikes oceans and darker portions of the planet [it is reflected by snow and ice]
Over the last century, methan has risen to ____ PPB and continues to increase
2000
What is step 3 of greenhouse gas effect?
3. Solar energy is gradually released from the oceans and dark surfaces, moving back into the atmosphere as heat energy
Ocean absorbed about ___ of release of CO2 in ATM, but they are increasing so the levels that ocean is abosrining is increasing
30%
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that has the ability to retain almost ___ the heat that CO2 does
30x
How long does it take for the earth to revolve around the sun?
365 days
280 PPM --> ___PPM bc of greenhouse gases?
390 PPM
What is step 4 of greenhouse gas effect?
4. some of the heat energy is trapped by gases like water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [some of the heat escapes into space]
Earth is __% of our planet is covered by the ocean
71%
Concentration of methane is ___ PPB in earth's atmosphere
800
What is global warming?
: observed increase in Earth's average surface temp
WHat do they see when glaciers reconstruct?they can see that climate is changes
?they can see that climate is changes
What are species?
A group of smaller, interbreeding organisms
What do you look at when you study the biopshre
Global ecosystem which a sum of all of these ecosystems and how they interact with each other You want to examine how changes in a particular reason affects the biosphere - Actually p hard Trying to examine how the changes in one area can affect other organisms in other areas across the biosphere - Climate change is being pushed to study at this level
What do you look at when studying ecosystems?
How factors like predation, competition, disease, disturbances, and how they affect them Predator prey, cooperative reactions - Shapes ecosystem in which they live
What is CO2 able to do?
Able to recycled back into earth's ecosystems through plant activity for photosynthesis
What is Nitrous oxides source
Agricultural practices such as the use of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels Burning of fossils fuels, waste
What are human activities that has caused methane concentration to increase?
Agriculture practices More trash accumulation
What is Increasing due to Climate change
Air temp near surface Humidity Temp over ocean Sea surface Extreme weather event Sea level Ocean heat content Temp over land
how does Carbonate plays an important role in the formation of shells and organisms such as crabs, lobsters, and clams?
As the ocean acidifies, these organisms have a harder time creating their shells and exoskeletons
As the changes of temps increase (global warming), what happens?
CO2 concentration increases
WHat is step 1 of CO2 disolving in water
CO2 dissolves in water and interacts w it to form carbonic acid
WHat is step 2 of CO2 dissolving in water
Carbonic acids increase hydrogen ions (H+) - Affects pH
What may have been decreased by acidic waters as well?
Certain fishes ability to detect predators
Explain Climate of an area fluctuates from year to year
Climate does change and you can see how the fluctuations changes throughout the years
Where do hailstorms show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
Colorado
What is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) source?
Compounds used in refrigerants and to make spray propellants
What is the e June/Summer Solstice like in the southern hemisphere?
Continual darkness Indirect rays, day length shortened Winter in this region
Why is Adding excessive amounts of GHG to the atmosphere is increasing amount of heat and causes avg global temp to rise and we are not getting rid of the access of these gasses
Don't have means to put them back bc we are doing industrial processes that increases these gases
How does GHG trap heat?
Effects are depending on GHG They form as a blanket over the earth and continues to trapping and absorbing the heat More concentration, more global warming
What does a heat sink do for the ocean?
Excessive storage of heat in the ocean
What do you look at when studying population
Factors that affect how many of the members of these species live in a particular area Looking at clusters of species and where they are found - Defining a geographic region
What season is it in NH for the Autumnal equinox
Fall
What is an example of The severity of droughts, heat waves, and extreme precipitation events are all recognized to be influenced by an increase in global temps?
For example, the avg temp in the united states has already increased by 1.2˚F (0.7˚C) with a projected increase of almost 2.5˚F (1.4˚C) 2050
What an example of a heat sink?
For example, they account for the moderate temps of Florida in the winter, but over longer time periods, they can influence the climate of surrounding land masses.
How have there been changes in earth's temps
From the 1880s to 1940s, temps were lower and then rose and went down and rose and went down By 1980s, the earth has been warming - bar shows pretty extreme deviation from the baseline
What does the earth axis tilt do?
Gives us temp, rainfall, climate and most importantly SEASONS!
What is Decreasing due to climate change
Glaciers Snow cover Sea ice
What have both lost annally since 2002?
Ice sheets in antarctica and greenlands
Why is Changes in ocean chemistry prevents organisms to have protection important
If they are not abundant, other organisms might find it hard to have food
What is a quesstion to ask abotu CO2 emission and avg temps?
If we decreased CO2 emission, how will it affect temps?
More red spots show that it is hotter than normal on a graph showing land and ocean temp percentiles shows what
Increase temp in land mass
How much as the surface temp icreased from the 1900s
Increased amount to about 40% 280 PPM → 390 PPM of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere
Global warming is having an influence of climate on planet, how?
Increased to atmospheric CO2 concentrations
What is CO2?
It is a chemical that is used by plants in photosynthesis to make carbohydrates
What is the trend of ice melting?
Jagged, but overall on a continual downward trend
How has Agriculture practices caused methane concentration to increase?
Livestock - cows produce a lot of methane gas; rice fields
What is the winter solstice like for SH?
More direct rays more direct light, experience summer Warmer temps
How has More trash accumulation caused methane concentration to increase?
More organic materials need to be decomposed, decomposed with not organic materials so more methane is produced
What is ozone source
Natural processes and the interaction of solar energy with pollutants in the lower atmosphere
How is methane produced?
Naturally produced by decomposition of organic materials
What are two important things to note about GHG?
Necessary for survival of all living organisms Natural
Where do Drought, wildfire show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
North Dakota, south datokta, montana, Wild fire california coast
What is the June/Summer Solstice
North pole tilts toward sun
What is the March/Vernal equinox?
Not tilted forward or away from the sun, perpendicular Direct rays from sun at equator Warm temp across planet
What is the Autumnal equinox
Not tilted forward or away from the sun, perpendicular Equator is getting direct rays from the sun, very warm temps Equal hours of daylight and darkness Around september
What is step 4 of CO2 disolving in water
Ocean absorbed about 30% of release of CO2 in ATM, but they are increasing so the levels that ocean is abosrining is increasing - More acidic, less carbonate in oceans
What is step 3 of CO2 dissolving in water
Ocean acidification: lowering the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time - makes it acidic
How long does Methane stay in ATM?
Only remains in ATM for short period of time, unlike CO2 10 yrs
Climate does not just have to do with the species inhabiting the area, but also the adaptations of an environment. What are examples?
Organisms adapted to a reason based on the climate of the religion Polar bears adapted to cold climates so you will find them in cold climates
What is a population?
Organisms of the same species living in a particular area
What is evidence that There has been ice ages and warming between ice ages, but the glaciers are very sensitive to fluctuations with climate change and global warming
Places around the world have retreated at unprecedented rates Started back in industrial revolution and continues to retreat
What is the winter solstice like for NH?
Pointed away from sun, 24 hours of darkness Cooler temps
What is a community?
Populations of different species interacting in a given area
Temp isn't the only thing that determines climate, what are other things?
Precipitation, solar radiation, wind, soil
How is co2 produceD?
Produced through natural events Exhaling, fires, volcanic activity
What does the biosphere range form?
Ranges from several ft into the atm and all the way to the bottom of the ocean
Why do scientists think global warminghappened?
Scientists think this started bc of the 19th century 1900 when humans started to produce more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
Humans are adding heat energy to the oceans and the atmosphere that show quite observable changes, what are they ?
Sea levels Precip patterns Life cycles and habitats of animals
Where do hurricanes show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
South of america
What do you look at when studying communities?
Species are gonna change over time not just by their environment but other organisms in their environment Study the processes these organisms they have formed in a given area
What season is it in NH for e March/Vernal equinox?
Spring
What is an example of Temperature and rainfall are the typical characteristics used to define climate
Summertime in south Ms: hot and humid
What are the typical characteristics used to define climate
Temperature and rainfall
What is though to be influenced by an increase in global temps?
The severity of droughts, heat waves, and extreme precipitation events
What is a biosphere
The sum of locations where life exists on Earth
What is the biosphere?
The sum of the regions of the Earth (water, surface, atmosphere) where living organisms are found
What is important to note about the North Pole and Arctic circle receive continuous daylight in e June/Summer Solstice like in the northern hemisphere
The sun rays hitting here are indirect, which means there is a lot of sunlight but it may not be hot
How do people use ice sheets to which provide info about changing climate
They look at air bubbles that provide evidence that the past ATM compensation Temp variation and type of vegetation there
How does Less carbonate ions causes a ripple effect in the ocean ecosystems?
Tiny sea creature eaten by organisms affected If you took a shell, and placed it in acidic sea water, it only takes them about 45 days until the shell dissolves Changes in ocean chemistry prevents organisms to have protection
How is the rise of CO2 conentraiton linked to human activity
Use of fossils fuels (burning oil/coil, agriculture practices, deforestation) at higher rates that the plants can use them
Where is Methane found?
Very rare, so not commonly found in earth ATM
CO2 is easily dissolvable in?
Water
What is the PPM of Co2 concentration rn?
We over 410 PPM
What are two important questions about Ecological Levels of Biological Organization?
What factors of a particular region are determining what types of species are determining that area? What type of adaptations do they have to survive and thrive in those regions?
A combined graph of global temps (colored bars) and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration indicates what
a direct relationship w the two observations
What is the probjected global temp increase by 2050
almost 2.5˚F (1.4˚C
The continued path of warming does not have what?
an anticipated outcome for many living organisms that find it hard to adapt
The severity of droughts, heat waves, and extreme precipitation events are all recognized to be influenced by?
an increase in global temps
Notice that carbon dioxide and water are not the only greenhouse gases. In fact, what?
any gas with a complex structure, such as those listed can contribute to the greenhouse effect
Why is CO2 important?
bc it has a tremendous ability to absorb infrared energy compared to to others
All these GHG gases can remain in the ATM where all of them can be
be mixed and the concentration becomes the same around the world
How do Hurricanes show there is a linkage between climate conditions?
c of the increase in land and ocean temps, they are more severe Cat 4 and 5 on higher occurrences
What is climate change?
changes in the normal cycles in the earth climate
What is increase of global temps Amplified by
climate change
Since the late 1970s, the extent of sea ice in the Artic has been?
decreasing
Why has methane steadily increased?
due to human activity
Increasing the amount of particle gases in the air causes
e have high concentration in ATM
Climate is important in understanding what?
ecosystems
Glaciers are dynamic and have natural cycles in which they
expand and contract, depending on fluctuations in the local climate
Climate change has an influence on surface temp but also?
extreme precip, heat waves, etc
What season is it in SH for e March/Vernal equinox?
fall
what does Carbonate plays an important role in the?
formation of shells and organisms such as crabs, lobsters, and clams
What have we noticed an upward trend of since the 1980s?
global warming
Why is the surface temp increasing?
greenhouse gases
Climate does not just have to do with the species inhabiting the area, but also?
he adaptations of an environment
The world's oceans act as a _____ or a temporary storage location for excessive heat energy
heat sink
What do greenhouse gasses do?
hese compounds trap heat near the Earth's surface
For centuries, atmospheric CO2 has never reached above that line, but in 1950s we see there is a change. What is this linked to?
human activity
What can we attribue climate change to?
human activity
What happens as temp rises to ice?
ice melts, more water will flow from these melted ices, oceans will warm and expand volume which contributes to rising sea level and that will relate back to the ice caps
Several greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, are normally present in the atmosphere, and play an important role what?
in maintaining the climate of the planet within a range that supports life
How is methane measured?
in parts per billion (ppb)
Whre are greenhouse gases found?
in the atmopshere
Where is gas retained?
in the lower atmopshere
How is the biosphere imense?
includes the deepest area at the bottom of the ocean and extends to the atmosphere All of these areas have their own climate organisms will be adapted to
Methane concentration has done what?
increased dramatically
Since the 1980s, the avg temp of the planet has been?
increasing
Year to year fluctuation are normal, but overall the temp in ocean and land temp and CO2 concentration are?
increasing
Things increasing and decreasing due to climate change All these indicators are due to
increasing global temps
Adding excessive amounts of GHG to the atmosphere is doing what?
is increasing amount of heat and causes avg global temp to rise and we are not getting rid of the access of these gasses
If sun energy hits dark places, ?
it is absorbed and is released as infrared energy
If sun energy hits light places, ?
it is reflected
What happens When carbon dioxide enters the oceans,?
it produces carbonic acid, which leads to ocean acidification and negative impacts on shellfish
what is Ocean acidification
lowering the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time - makes it acidic
What is the e June/Summer Solstice like in the northern hemisphere?
most direct rays, longer days, higher temps North Pole and Arctic circle receive continuous daylight
Where is found?
naturally found in small concentrations in the atmosphere (300 PPM)
Ocean acidification It affects the entire world's?
oceans and waterways and estuaries
What is an ecosytem?
onteraction of a community and the physical environment (such as climate) How factors like predation, competition, disease, disturbances, and how they affect them Dictates the physical characteristics on an ecosystem of what they live Predator prey, cooperative reactions - Shapes ecosystem in which they live
What is. a heat sink
r a temporary storage location for excessive heat energy
What do ecosystems dictate?
s the physical characteristics on an ecosystem of what they live
There has been ice ages and warming between ice ages, but the glaciers are very sensitive to what?
sensitive to fluctuations with climate change and global warming
What is the winter solstice?
shortest day of the year
We do not focus on individual, but?
species
What season is it in SH for the Autumnal equinox
spring
Climate influences
surface temp
The increase in acidity decrease what?
the amount of carbonate (CO3^2-) in the ocean.
The climate of a region is partially due to what?
the amount of solar radiation striking the surface of the planet
What is climate?
the average weather patterns in a given area over time
Biopshere is very dependant on what
the climate of the planet
What are greenhouse gases?
the gases shown here retain heat in the lower atmosphere, a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect
Gases are retaining heat at?
the lower atmosphere in the surface of the planet
The term global warming was one of the first used by who?
the scientists who discovered the upward trend in temps in the 1980s
Seasonal changes are due to
the tilt of the Earth on its axis
Ice sheets in antarctica and greenlands have both lost annually since 2002 In 2009, what happened?
they started losing at an accelerated rate
What does Anthropogenic mean?
this increase is related to humans activity and affects climate
How are greenhouse gasses used?
to absorb infrared energy radiation for the surface of the planet, traps heat to maintain a warm surface where organisms can live
Without greenhouse effect, temps on earth would probably be?
too cold to support life
Chemical structures allow GHGs to?
trap infrared energy and contain tht heat
Is methane stable or unsable?
unstable
How has Overall surface temp has changed since 1980s?
warming
Human activity is causing far more ? that would naturally occur
warming
What is Water vapor source
water in gas form Natural process associated with the water cycle
Several greenhouse gases, such as ______, are normally present in the atmosphere, and play an important role in maintaining the climate of the planet within a range that supports life?
water vapor
What are other greenhouse gases besides methane and carbon dioxide?
water vapor, nitrious oxides, ozone, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
What is studying species concered with?
with behavioral, physiological, morphological ways in which organisms meet the challenges posed by both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors of their environment
What is climate concered with
with temp and precipitation
more severe weather events are projected to get?
worse