BIO107 Final Multiple Choice Review

True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata. a. true b. false

a. true

Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere? a. epidermis b. vascular bundle c. stomata d. cuticle

c. stomata

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. a. photophosphorylation b. photosynthesis c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. oxidative phosphorylation e. cellular respiration

c. substrate-level phosphorylation

The enzyme ATP ___ produces ATP from ADP and phosphate. a. anaerobic b. glycolysis c. synthase

c. synthase

You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____. a. the cell is engulfing a large particle b. a receptor protein is involved c. the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid

c. the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid

Which substance is a micronutrient? a. potassium b. carbohydrate c. protein d. water

a. potassium

Which type of lipid includes sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen? a. steroids b. phospholipids c. proteins d. fats

a. steroids

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain. a. 10 b. 4 c. 2 d. 0 e. 6

a. 10

What did Rosalind Franklin's famous photo 51 show? a. DNA is a helix. b. Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. c. Complementary DNA bases pair with one another (A with T and G with C). d. DNA is replicated by making identical copies of each strand.

a. DNA is a helix.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? a. FADH2 b. ATP c. NADH + H+ d. pyruvate e. water

a. FADH2

If necessary, our muscles can rely on an anaerobic (fermentative) pathway to metabolize glucose, but this can only last a short period of time. Why can't our cells survive very long under such anaerobic conditions? a. Fermentation doesn't extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells. b. Anaerobic conditions create a "carbon dioxide debt" that must be repaid before cells die. c. The ethyl alcohol that builds up in muscles as a result of fermentation is a toxin. d. Lactic acid causes the cell to die when it's exposed to even lower concentrations.

a. Fermentation doesn't extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells.

Why is fiber important for a healthy diet? a. Fiber helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels. b. Fiber acts as a natural antibiotic. c. Fiber contributes extra water for proper hydration. d. Fiber is easily digested as an energy source.

a. Fiber helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

What happens to excess protein in the body? a. It is stored as fat. b. It is used as energy by muscles. c. It is broken down and excreted in urine. d. It is used to build bone mass.

a. It is stored as fat.

Which food contains high levels of complex carbohydrates and fiber? a. Seven-grain bread b. White rice c. Orange juice d. Yogurt

a. Seven-grain bread

What type of chemical energy powers your brain cells? a. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) c. pyruvic acid d. phospholipids

a. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen? a. aerobic b. photosynthetic c. fermentative d. anaerobic

a. aerobic

Organisms that do not need oxygen to survive are said to be ___. a. anaerobic b. glycolysis c. synthase

a. anaerobic

Match the term to the description: Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. golgi apparatus e. plant cell wall

a. chloroplast

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? a. creating energy b. exhibiting complex organization c. being capable of reproduction d. having DNA as a genetic code e. responding to stimuli

a. creating energy

How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane? a. facilitated diffusion b. diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis

a. facilitated diffusion

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? a. glucose b. ATP c. water d. O2

a. glucose

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. a. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. ATP d. ATP synthase e. NADH and FADH2

a. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration? a. mitochondrion b. chromatin c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. ribosomes e. nucleolus

a. mitochondrion

A ___ is a single subunit. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

a. monomer

Viruses are a. not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction. b. alive because they often contain DNA. c. not alive because they can only carry out photosynthesis and not cellular respiration. d. alive because they mutate and change over time through evolution.

a. not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.

Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found? a. plasma membrane b. Golgi apparatus c. mitochondrion d. lysosome

a. plasma membrane

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell. a. plasma membrane b. nuclear envelope c. lysosome d. nucleus e. chloroplast

a. plasma membrane

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. a. plasma membrane b. nucleoid region c. ribosome d. fimbriae e. cell wall

a. plasma membrane

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. a. 5 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3 e. 1

b. 2

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? a. 8 b. 6 c. 10 d. 2 e. 4

b. 6

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? a. glucose b. ATP c. water d. O2

b. ATP

Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight? a. Small, narrow leaves b. Large, broad leaves c. Needlelike leaves d. All of these leaf types are equally efficient at absorbing sunlight.

b. Large, broad leaves

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? a. Moderate polarity. b. Low solubility in water. c. they occur in membranes. d. Both (a) and (c). e. Both (b) and (c).

b. Low solubility in water.

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. a. NADPH b. RuBP c. 3-PGA d. Rubisco e. G3P

b. RuBP

Which process creates the most ATP per glucose molecule metabolized? a. glycolysis b. aerobic cellular respiration c. anaerobic respiration d. fermentation

b. aerobic cellular respiration

An ionic bond involves _____. a. no atoms other than sodium and chlorine b. an attraction between ions of opposite charge c. the unequal sharing of an electron pair d. water avoidance e. the sharing of a single pair of electrons

b. an attraction between ions of opposite charge

What molecule is composed of one or more sugars? a. polypeptide b. carbohydrate c. lipid d. nucleic acid

b. carbohydrate

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein. a. flagellum b. chromatin c. centriole d. ribosome e. mitochondrion

b. chromatin

___ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. a. Mitochondria b. Fimbriae c. Cell walls d. Flagella e. Ribosomes

b. fimbriae

The cleaving of a six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon sugars is called ___. a. anaerobic b. glycolysis c. synthase

b. glycolysis

What name is given to the bond between water molecules? a. ionic b. hydrogen c. hydrophobic d. polar covalent e. single (nonpolar) covalent

b. hydrogen

A ___ is a large molecule such as a protein. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

b. macromolecule

Match the term to the description: Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. golgi apparatus e. plant cell wall

b. mitochondrion

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. a. community b. molecule c. isotope d. ion e. shell

b. molecule

Facilitated diffusion is a type of _____. a. active transport b. passive transport c. pinocytosis d. phagocytosis

b. passive transport

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? a. propulsion b. protection c. DNA storage d. protein synthesis

b. protection

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O b. H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- c. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 d. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy e. 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O

c. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Match the term to the description: Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. golgi apparatus e. plant cell wall

c. central vacuole

Which molecule powers the chemical work within cells? a. NAD+ b. CO2 c. ATP d. NADPH

c. ATP

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles. a. Microfilaments b. Mitochondria c. Basal bodies d. Chromatin e. Nuclear envelopes

c. Basal bodies

___ has a longer wavelength than ___. a. Blue ... green b. Yellow ... red c. Red ... green d. Violet ... blue e. Green ... yellow

c. Red ... green

What happens when pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide molecule after glycolysis? a. The pyruvic acid is oxidated. b. The pyruvic acid is phosphorylated. c. The pyruvic acid is decarboxylated. d. The pyruvic acid is denatured.

c. The pyruvic acid is decarboxylated.

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____. a. have different atomic numbers b. have different numbers of neutrons c. are different ions d. are different isotopes e. have different atomic masses

c. are different ions

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? a. capsule b. fimbriae c. cell wall d. flagella e. nucleoid region

c. cell wall

Which of these is a polysaccharide? a. glucose b. sucrose c. cellulose d. lactose e. galactose

c. cellulose

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. a. Glycogen b. Starch c. Cellulose d. Glucose e. Lactose

c. cellulose

Which of these is a source of lactose? a. sugar beets b. starch c. potatoes d. milk e. sugar cane

d. milk

In a neutral solution the concentration of _____. a. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions b. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions c. hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions d. hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions e. hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions

c. hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine? a. hydrogen b. polar covalent c. ionic d. hydrophobic e. nonpolar covalent

c. ionic

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? a. ribosome b. plasmodesma c. lysosome d. Golgi apparatus e. chloroplast

c. lysosome

What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities? a. vitamins b. micronutrients c. macronutrients d. minerals

c. macronutrients

Which molecules are required by the body but are not metabolized to produce ATP? a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. minerals d. fats

c. minerals

Some antibiotics disrupt bacterial phospholipids. Which cell component would be affected by such antibiotics? a. Golgi apparatus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. plasma membrane d. ribosome

c. plasma membrane

___ are the sites of protein synthesis. a. Golgi apparatuses b. Mitochondria c. Ribosomes d. Microfilaments e. Peroxisomes

c. ribosomes

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? a. 2 b. 4 c. 1 d. 3 e. 5

d. 3

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? a. FADH2 b. NADPH c. Pyruvate d. ATP e. ADP

d. ATP

What happens to an ATP molecule after it has released a phosphate? a. It becomes AMP and is recycled into proteins. b. It is converted into lactic acid and transported to the liver for disposal. c. It is secreted in urine as a waste product of cellular respiration. d. It is phosphorylated and becomes ADP.

d. It is phosphorylated and becomes ADP.

Why is oxygen considered highly electronegative? a. It discharges electrons readily out of the atom. b. It repels electrons away from its nucleus. c. It has a nonpolar structure. d. It pulls electrons toward itself.

d. It pulls electrons toward itself.

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from ___. a. ADP b. CO2 c. ATP d. NADPH e. NADP+

d. NADPH

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? a. proteins b. nucleic acids c. genetic material d. a cell membrane

d. a cell membrane

Glycogen is _____. a. a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls b. a source of saturated fat c. a transport protein that carries oxygen d. a polysaccharide found in animals e. the form in which plants store sugars

d. a polysaccharide found in animals

Which molecule requires the most ATP to be used for moving across a plasma membrane? a. a water molecule b. a dissolved gas, such as carbon dioxide c. a simple sugar, such as glucose d. an ion moving against a concentration gradient

d. an ion moving against a concentration gradient

Which cell component has barrel-shaped rings of microtubules to anchor structures and move chromosomes during animal cell division? a. nucleolus b. cytoskeletal element c. chromatin d. centriole

d. centriole

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. mitochondrion c. centriole d. chloroplast

d. chloroplast

What is a deficiency of water in the body? a. supplementation b. concentration c. hydrogenation d. dehydration

d. dehydration

What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion? a. gravity b. precipitation c. antigravity d. evaporation

d. evaporation

Match the term to the description: Modifies and packages proteins a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. golgi apparatus e. plant cell wall

d. golgi apparatus

Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes? a. facilitated diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport d. hydrogenation

d. hydrogenation

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? a. ribosomes b. nucleus c. peroxisome d. nucleoid region e. capsule

d. nucleoid region

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____. a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. peroxisome c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. nucleolus d. lysosome

d. nucleolus

Which monomer units combine to form nucleic acids? a. sugars b. fatty acids c. amino acids d. nucleotides

d. nucleotides

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. a. photophosphorylation b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. cellular respiration d. oxidative phosphorylation e. photosynthesis

d. oxidative phosphorylation

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) as a by-product? a. nucleus b. flagellum c. centrioles d. peroxisome e. mitochondrion

d. peroxisome

___ is a system of beliefs or practices that gain false legitimacy by purporting to be based in science. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

d. pseudoscience

Polymers that contain sugars ... a. may store hereditary information. b. may store energy. c. may protect cells. d. Both (b) and (c). e. (a), (b), and (c).

e. (a), (b), and (c).

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? a. 1 b. 5 c. 3 d. 4 e. 2

e. 2

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. a. acetyl CoA ... intermembrane space b. NADH ... intermembrane space c. NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix d. NADH ... mitochondrial matrix e. NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

e. NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

A ___ substance will NOT dissolve in water, whereas a ___ substance will dissolve in water. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

e. hydrophobic; c. hydrophilic

Endocytosis moves materials ___ a cell via ___. a. into ... a transport protein b. out of ... diffusion c. out of ... membranous vesicles d. into ... facilitated diffusion e. into ... membranous vesicles

e. into ... membranous vesicles

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. a. sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis b. lactose + water ... hydrolysis c. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis d. cellulose + water ... hydrolysis e. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

e. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell? a. chloroplasts b. peroxisomes c. plasma membrane d. microfilaments e. microtubules

e. microtubules

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane? a. diffusion b. passive transport c. phagocytosis d. pinocytosis e. osmosis

e. osmosis

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. a. FADH2 b. CO2 c. water d. NADH e. oxygen

e. oxygen

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____. a. facilitated diffusion b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis d. receptor-mediated endocytosis e. phagocytosis

e. phagocytosis

Match the term to the description: Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibers a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. golgi apparatus e. plant cell wall

e. plant cell wall

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. a. NADPH ... NADP+ b. carbon dioxide ... oxygen c. NADPH ... oxygen d. carbon dioxide ... sugar e. water ... NADPH

e. water ... NADPH

A ___ is a carbohydrate composed of hundreds of sugars. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

f. polysaccharide

___ is the maintenance of a steady state--a roughly constant internal environment. a. monomer b. macromolecule c. hydrophilic d. pseudoscience e. hydrophobic f. polysaccharide g. homeostasis

g. homeostasis

Where is calcium stored? a. centrioles b. microtubules c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondria e. rough endoplasmic reticulum

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane? a. ribosomes b. Golgi apparatus c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. lysosomes e. nucleolus

c. rough endoplasmic reticulum