BIO110 Exam 1

- 1. Cleavage Pattern. - 2. Developmental Fate.

How are Deuterostomes different from Protostomes?

- seed plants evolved from spore-bearing, fern-like plants.

How did seed plants evolve?

- four.

How many whorls does a COMPLETE flower have?

- penetrate the host tissue.

The function of the apical complex in Apicomplexans is to...

True! Horizontal Gene Transfer is rarer in Eukaryotes.

True/False: HGT is rarer in Eukaryotes.

True! They are typically less fit.

True/False: Hybrids are less likely to survive.

False! Hyphae cells may have more than one nucleus.

True/False: Hyphae cells only have one nucleus.

True! Pollination comes before Fertilization.

True/False: Pollination happens before Fertilization.

False! Protistas are MONOPHYLETIC.

True/False: Protista is polyphyletic.

- spore-forming animal parasites. - plasmodium causes malaria; then leads to toxoplasmosis. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What are Apicomplexans? What super group are they apart of?

- divided into two groups; protostomes and deuterostomes. - all HAVE to have three layers (triploblastic).

What are Bilateria in Kingdom Animalia?

- has a phylogenetic relationship to land plants.

What are Charophytes?

- several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from these.

What are Chlorophytes?

- specialized flagellate cells. - draws water through numerous small pores. - found in Porifera.

What are Choanocytes? Where is it found?

- has a pellicle (tough flexible outer covering). - has "hairs" for movement. - 2 types of nuclei and 2 types of vacuoles. - ex. paramecium. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What are Ciliates? What super group are they apart of?

- develops the anus first from the blastopore. - mouth develops in another region of embryo.

What are Deuterostomes?

- unicellular organisms. - unique double shells made of SILICA. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What are Diatoms? What super group do they belong to?

- photosynthetic. - unicellular with flagella and lives in aquatic environments. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What are Dinoflagellates? What super group are they apart of?

- unicellular. - move with flagella & have 2 nuclei. - giardia (parasites that can infect organisms). - belongs in the Excavata group.

What are Diplomonads? What is an example, and what super group are they apart of?

- fungi that lives inside plants; produces protective toxic alkaloids.

What are Endophytes?

- two cotyledons in the developing shoot. - flower parts in four, five, or many whorls. - HERBACEOUS (not woody), OR produces woody tissues. - makes up 2/3 of all flowering plants.

What are Eudicots (Dicots)?

- everything else other than Parazoa. - has well-defined tissues. - cannot regrow any cells. - under Kingdom Animalia.

What are Eumetazoa? What kingdom is it under?

- all have megaphylls. - produces spores (megaspores or microspores). wind dispersed. - belongs to the Psilotopsida Class of the Monilophyta Phylum.

What are Ferns? What class/phylum do they belong to?

- no fruits/flowers. - heterosporous (monoecious & dioecious).

What are Gymnosperms?

- single cotyledon in the seedling. - no secondary growth/no woody tissue. - ex. grains, sugar cane, bananas, pineapples.

What are Monocots?

- caused potato blight. - can be aquatic/terrestrial. - can be pathogens(living hosts)/saprobes(dead hosts). - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What are Oomcyetes? What super group do they belong to?

- live in termite guts. - uses flagella & lacks mitochondria. - belongs in the Excavata group.

What are Parabasalids? What super group are they apart of?

- feed off living things.

What are Parasitic Fungi?

- SPONGES. - lack defined tissues and organs. - has the ability to regrow cells (can regenerate a cutoff piece). - under Kingdom Animalia.

What are Parazoa? What kingdom is it under?

- develops the mouth first from the blastopore. - anus develops in another region of embryo.

What are Protostomes?

- feed off dead things.

What are Saprophytic Fungi?

- seedless vascular plants. - no roots; no leaves.

What are Tracheophytes?

- structures that have a similar function.

What are analogous structures?

- structures that share a similar origin.

What are homologous structures?

- heterotrophs. - no cell walls. - ability to move. - DIVERSE!

What are some characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?

- protects embryo. - provides nourishment for embryo. - easily dispersed. - introduces a dormant phase in the life cycle.

What are the benefits of having seeds?

- chitin (polysaccharides).

What are the cell walls of Fungi made of?

- USUALLY no conductive tissue, sometimes poorly developed tissue. - NEEDS moist environment. - gametophyte dominant; has Antheridium & Archegonium.

What are the characteristics for Bryophytes?

- single-celled/multicellular. - sexual/asexual. - HETEROTROPHIC; meaning NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

- sporophytes increase in dominance. - still depends on water during fertilization.

What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

- ascomycota. - basidiomycota. - chytridiomycota. - glomeromycota. - zygomycota.

What are the five phyla for Fungi?

- 1. Tissue Development. - 2. Symmetry. - 3. Body Cavity Formation. - 4. Segmentation. - 5. Embryo development.

What are the five steps in the Evolution of the Animal Body IN ORDER?

- coniferophyta. - ginkgophyta. - cicadophyta. - gnetophyta.

What are the four Phyla for seed plants?

- hydrozoa (hydroids). - anthozoa (corals and see anemones). - cubozoa (box jellyfish). - scyphozoa (jellyfish).

What are the four classes of Cnidarians?

- bivalvia. - cephalopoda. - gastropoda. - polyplacopoda.

What are the four classes of Phylum Mollusca?

- bryophytes > SVP (seedless vascular plants) > gymnosperms > angiosperms. - vasculature > seeds > fruits and flowers.

What are the four great episodes in the Evolution of Land Plants IN ORDER? What traits came after each episode?

- protists - plants - fungi - animals

What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?

- branch point - basal taxon - sister taxa - polytomy

What are the four parts of a Phylogenetic Tree?

- androecium. - calyx. - corolla. - gynoecium.

What are the four parts of the flower structure?

- crustacea. - chelicerata. - hexapoda. - myriapoda.

What are the four subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda?

- amoebozoa - archaeplastida - chromalveolata - excavata - opisthokonta - rhizaria

What are the six super groups in the Protist Kingdom?

- 1. redundant systems and tissues. - 2. improved locomotion. - 3. regional specialization.

What are the three advantages of Segmentation?

- aneuploidy - autopolyploidy - allopolyploidy

What are the three errors in Meiosis?

- outer ectoderm. - middle mesoderm. - inner endoderm.

What are the three germ layers of Eumetazoa?

- phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts). - phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts). - phylum Bryophyta (mosses).

What are the three phyla of Bryophytes?

- transformation - transduction - conjugation

What are the three types of Horizontal Gene Transfers?

- prezygotic barrier - postzygotic barrier - gametic barrier

What are the three types of barriers in Reproductive Isolation?

- cnidaria - ctenophora

What are the two Phyla in Diploblasts?

- polyp (cylindrical and sessile). - medusa (umbrella-shaped and free living).

What are the two basic body forms of Cnidaria?

- Parazoa (Porifera). - Eumetazoa (everyone else).

What are the two branches of Animals?

- clitellata. - polychaeta.

What are the two classes of Phylum Annelida?

- protostomes. - deuterostomes.

What are the two groups that Bilateral symmetrical animals can divide into?

- dispersal - vicariance

What are the two main factors of Allopatric Speciation?

- gradualism - punctuated equilibrium

What are the two paces of evolution?

- lycopodiophyta. - monilophyta.

What are the two phyla of Tracheophytes?

- biological - phylogenetic

What are the two types of Species Concepts?

- radial symmetry. - bilateral symmetry.

What are the two types of Symmetry during Evolution?

- acclimation - adaptation

What are the two types of mechanism for Speciation?

- homothallic. - heterothallic.

What are the two types of sexual mating for Fungi?

- Eumetazoa.

What branch does Diploblastic and Triploblastic belong in?

- species' variation allows for natural selection to cause evolution.

What did Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace believe when it came to Evolution?

- genetic inheritance concepts. - mutations cause longer necks, NOT stretching; then natural selection happens.

What did Gregor Mendel believe when it came to Evolution? What is an example?

- species "strive" for adaptive features. - ex. giraffes have to reach for food, therefore stretching necks, resulting in more offspring with longer necks.

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believe when it came to Evolution? What is an example?

- haplodiplontic. - male gametophytes; MICROgametophyte. - female gametophytes; MEGAgametophyte.

What do seed plants produce?

- green algae (chlorophyta & charophyta) - land plants - rhodophyta

What four subgroups are in the Archaeplastida super group?

- the mixing of species; usually NOT successful.

What is Allopolyploidy?

- an extra/reduced chromosome number.

What is Aneuploidy?

- antheridium; produces sperm. - archegonium; produces egg.

What is Antheridium? What is Archegonium?

- 2 or more complete sets of chromosomes.

What is Autopolyploidy?

- right and left halves are mirrored images. - allows for evolution of a definite brain area (Cephalization). - allows for greater mobility.

What is Bilateral Symmetry? What are its advantages?

- helps make ecosystem. - NOT plants, but can grow up to 30-80 meters. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.

What is Brown Algae? What super group does it belong to?

- MOSTLY heterotrophic. - abundant in soil and in all freshwater/marine(saltwater) habitats. - belongs to the Rhizaria group.

What is Cercozoa? What super group does it belong to?

- most likely common ancestor of ALL animals. - single flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (looks like a flower). - belongs to the Opisthokonta group.

What is Choanoflagellida? What super group does it belong to?

- the infection of amphibians.

What is Chytridiomycosis?

- has two lateral shells (clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc.) - most are sessile (non-moving). - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.

What is Class Bivalvia? What group is it under?

- has special foot (series of arms equipped with suction cups). - a high level of intelligence. - many can change color using chromatophores (pouches of pigment). - ex. squids & octopuses. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.

What is Class Cephalopoda? What group is it under?

- EARTHWORMS & LEECHES. - lacks eyes and head. - belongs to Phylum Annelida.

What is Class Clitellata? What group is it under?

- snails and slugs. - has torsion; mantle cavity and anus are moved to the front. - has coiling; spiral winding of the shell. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.

What is Class Gastropoda? What group is it under?

- mostly MARINE WORMS. - have a differentiated head. - many live in tubes. - belongs to Phylum Annelida.

What is Class Polychaeta? What group is it under?

- chitons. - has many plates; most are grazing herbivores. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.

What is Class Polyplacophora? What group is it under?

- two nuclei in one cell.

What is Dikaryotic?

- unisexual (separate plants).

What is Dioecious?

- 2 germ layers.

What is Diploblastic?

- when a few members of a species MOVE to a new geographical area.

What is Dispersal?

- helps speed metabolism, but also risks heart attacks. - a part of the Gnetophyta phylum.

What is Ephedra? What Phylum is it apart of?

- EARLIEST eukaryotes to possess mitochondria. - some have chloroplasts, but may become heterotrophic in the dark. - causes African Sleeping Disease. - belongs to the Excavata group.

What is Euglenozoa? What super group is it apart of?

- pore-studded shells called tests. - produces limestone with tests. - belongs to the Rhizaria group.

What is Foraminifera? What super group does it belong to?

- time that increases gradually.

What is Gradualism?

- consists of two monophyletic groups; Chlorophyta & Charophyta. - belongs to the Archaeplastida group.

What is Green Algae? What super group does it belong to?

- requires two different, but compatible mycelia.

What is Heterothallic mating?

- medicinal leech.

What is Hirudo Medicinalis another name for?

- self-fertile.

What is Homothallic mating?

- long, slender filaments (string-like). - allows cytoplasm to flow.

What is Hyphae?

- bisexual (same plant).

What is Monoecious?

- one nucleus.

What is Monokaryotic?

- a mass amount of connected Hyphae. - grows through and digests substrate.

What is Mycelium?

- has segmentation. - has a hydrostatic skeleton. - ceolomates.

What is Phylum Annelida?

- the most SUCCESSFUL animals. - affects all aspects of human life.

What is Phylum Arthropoda?

- ROUNDWORMS. - unsegmented; TRANSPARENT. - pseudocoelomates.

What is Phylum Nematoda?

- "water bears." - CRYPTOBIOSIS; resists environmental challenges. - ex. if dried out, will come back to life again if placed back in a good environment.

What is Phylum Tardigrada?

- NOT gradual, usually a big event that led to change.

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

- can be bisected into two equal halves on any 2-D plane.

What is Radial Symmetry?

- produce intricate mineral skeletons. - needle-like pseudopods (spiky extensions). - belongs to the Rhizaria group.

What is Radiolara? What super group does it belong to?

- the ability to interbreed, of the two populations.

What is Reproductive Isolation?

- red algae. - varies in size. - belongs to the Archaeplastida group.

What is Rhodophyta? What super group does it belong to?

- primarily aquatic organisms. - has tagmata, antennae, appendages, and various legs. - ex. crabs, shrimps, lobsters, barnacles, etc. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.

What is Subphylum Crustacea? What group does it belong to?

- INSECTS. - LARGEST group of animals. - primarily terrestrial. - has a head, thorax, and abdomen. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.

What is Subphylum Hexapoda? What group does it belong to?

- centipedes and millipedes. - head followed by numerous segments. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.

What is Subphylum Myriapoda? What group does it belong to?

- 3 germ layers.

What is Triploblastic?

- when a natural situation arises to physically DIVIDE organisms.

What is Vicariance?

- an opening to the digestive system.

What is a Blastopore?

- differences in gamete cells PREVENT fertilization from taking place.

What is a Gametic Barrier?

- character found in unrelated clades, but NOT in the LCA. - tied to Polyphyly.

What is a Homoplasy? What is it tied to?

- an area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce, forming HYBRIDS.

What is a Hybrid Zone?

- includes the LCA (last common ancestor) and all descendants.

What is a Monophyly?

- a special type of organelle for Cnidaria. - used for food acquisition and defense.

What is a Nematocyst?

- includes the LCA, but NOT all descendants.

What is a Paraphyly?

- retained ancestral characteristics. - tied to Paraphyly.

What is a Plesiomorphy? What is it tied to?

- NOT LCA and descendants.

What is a Polyphyly?

- occurs AFTER zygote formation (aka hybrid inviability).

What is a Postzygotic Barrier?

- a mechanism that BLOCKS reproduction from taking place.

What is a Prezygotic Barrier?

- shared derived character state. - tied to Monophyly.

What is a Synapomorphy? What is it tied to?

- trait that is found in the ancestor of a group. - all organisms in the taxon/clade have the trait.

What is a shared ANCESTRAL character?

- trait that evolved at some point, but DOES NOT include all ancestors.

What is a shared DERIVED character?

- New character state, the FIRST.

What is an Apomorphy?

- lacks one or more of the four usual whorls.

What is an INCOMPLETE flower?

- short term response to changes, TEMPORARY.

What is the Acclimation Mechanism?

- long term changes in gene frequencies that lead to different traits in a population.

What is the Adaptation Mechanism?

- a lineage that evolved early, and remains unbranched.

What is the Basal Taxon?

- populations of organisms that can reproduce with one another and are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other populations.

What is the Biological Species Concept?

- where a split occurs, a single lineage evolved into a new one.

What is the Branch Point?

- WHISK FERNS. - no roots/leaves. - lack of stomata/lack of photosynthesis.

What is the Class Psilotopsida?

- space in between tissues. - surrounded by mesoderm.

What is the Coelom?

- digestive organs and tissues.

What is the Inner Endoderm?

- skeleton and muscles.

What is the Middle Mesoderm?

- muscular foot. - mantle (covers the stuff inside the body). - visceral mass (stuff inside the body).

What is the Mollusk Body Plan?

- body coverings + nervous system.

What is the Outer Ectoderm?

- an evolutionarily divergent lineage; maintained its hereditary integrity through time and space.

What is the Phylogenetic Species Concept?

- HORNWORTS. - sporophyte is the horn, filmy gametophyte. - sporophyte has true stomata. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.

What is the Phylum Anthocerotophyta? What group is it apart of?

- has angiosperms. - sporophyte dominant. - fruit covering seed.

What is the Phylum Anthophyta?

- contains about 75% of the known fungi. - includes bread yeasts, common molds, penicillium, etc. - belongs to the Fungi group.

What is the Phylum Ascomycota? What group does it belong to?

- includes some of the most familiar fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi). - can causes infections.

What is the Phylum Basidiomycota? What group does it belong to?

- MOSSES. - gametophyte dominant, sporophyte multicellular. - multicellular and parasitic. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.

What is the Phylum Bryophyta? What group is it apart of?

- MOST primitive. - ONLY fungi that has retained FLAGELLA. - BOTH male and female gametes are flagellated. - batrachochytrium causes chytridiomycosis. - belongs to the Fungi group.

What is the Phylum Chytridiomycota? What group does it belong to?

- LOOKS like ferns & palms, but NOT closely related. - slow growing; tropical. - pollinated by beetles. - dioecious. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.

What is the Phylum Cicadophyta? What group does it belong to?

- nearly all are marine. - have distinct tissues but NO organs. - has NO circulatory, respiratory, or excretory systems. - belongs to the Diploblast group.

What is the Phylum Cnidaria? What group does it belong to?

- LARGEST and most familiar group. - MOST woody. - almost all have seeds on cones. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.

What is the Phylum Coniferophyta? What group does it belong to?

- known as comb jellies. - captures prey with a colloblast (strong adhesive material). - structurally more complex than Cnidarians. - belongs to the Diploblast group.

What is the Phylum Ctenophora? What group does it belong to?

- living fossil. - formerly widely distributed, now only planted on purpose. - ONE living representative; Ginkgo biloba. - fan-shaped leaves. - dioecious. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.

What is the Phylum Ginkophyta? What group does it belong to?

- a tiny group of monophyletic fungi. - has mycorrhizae. - shows no evidence of sexual reproduction. - belongs to the Fungi group.

What is the Phylum Glomeromycota? What group does it belong to?

- xylem w/ vessels like angiosperms. - 3 genera; welwitschia, ephedra, gnetum. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.

What is the Phylum Gnetophyta? What group does it belong to?

- LIVERWORTS. - ancestral plants. - gametophyte dominant, tiny sporophyte. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.

What is the Phylum Hepaticophyta? What group is it apart of?

- earliest vascular plants (quillworts, club mosses, spike mosses). - belongs to the Tracheophytes group.

What is the Phylum Lycopodiophyta? What group does it belong to?

- SECOND most DIVERSE phylum. - economically significant (many are delicious)! - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.

What is the Phylum Mollusca?

- has a single remaining genus; Equisetum.

What is the Phylum Monilophyta? What group does it belong to?

- FLATWORMS; TAPEWORMS. - acoelomate (NO BODY CAVITY). - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.

What is the Phylum Platyhelminthes? What group is it under?

- SPONGES. - are parazoans. - larval sponges are free-swimming; but adults are anchored onto submerged objects. - belongs to the Parazoa group.

What is the Phylum Porifera? What group does it belong to?

- tiny, but complex internal organs. - pseudocoelomates. - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.

What is the Phylum Rotifera? What group is it under?

- incredibly DIVERSE (includes bread molds). - lacks septa in the hyphae UNLESS reproducing. - belongs to the Fungi group.

What is the Phylum Zygomycota? What group does it belong to?

- a branch with more than two lineages. - scientists may not have determined all relationships.

What is the Polytomy?

- MOST diverse. - varies considerably in some aspects (unicellular/multicellular, size, etc.).

What is the Protista Kingdom?

- two lineages stemming from the same branch point.

What is the Sister Taxa?

- has chelicerae (fangs or pinchers). - ex. spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks & mites, etc. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.

What is the Subphylum Chelicerata? What group does it belong to?

- when organisms adapt to different parts of the environment. - mutations can result in less competition.

What is the idea of Sympatric Speciation?

- segmented. - has compound eyes (multiple lenses) and ocelli (single lense). - undergoes ecdysis (shedding of outer layer).

What is the morphology of Arthropods?

- microphylls.

What is the name for leaves with lack of vascular structure?

- megaphylls.

What is the name for true leaves?

- mycorrhizae (ROOTS).

What is this?

- DOUBLE fertilization; generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells.

What kind of fertilization do Angiosperms undergo?

- sporophytes.

What produces male and female cones?

- apicomplexans - brown algae - ciliates - dinoflagellates -diatoms - oomcyetes

What six subgroups are in the Chromalveolata super group?

- mitochondria. - chloroplast.

What structure(s) arose through Endosymbiosis?

- none! Amoebozoa is its own super group. - has Amoebas.

What subgroup(s) are in the Amoebozoa super group?

- diplomonads - euglenozoans - parabasalids

What three subgroups are in the Excavata super group?

- animals - choanoflagellida - fungi

What three subgroups are in the Opisthokonta super group?

- cercozoa - foraminifera - radiolara

What three subgroups are in the Rhizaria super group?

- equisetopsida (horsetails) - psilotopsida (whisk ferns)

What two classes are in the Phylum Monilophyta?

- cooksonia.

What was the first VASCULAR plant to exist?

- Carl Linnaeus - developed levels of taxonomic organization.

Who was the Father of Modern Taxonomy? What did he do?

- allows for specialization.

Why is Multicellularity a benefit?