BIO110 Exam 1
- 1. Cleavage Pattern. - 2. Developmental Fate.
How are Deuterostomes different from Protostomes?
- seed plants evolved from spore-bearing, fern-like plants.
How did seed plants evolve?
- four.
How many whorls does a COMPLETE flower have?
- penetrate the host tissue.
The function of the apical complex in Apicomplexans is to...
True! Horizontal Gene Transfer is rarer in Eukaryotes.
True/False: HGT is rarer in Eukaryotes.
True! They are typically less fit.
True/False: Hybrids are less likely to survive.
False! Hyphae cells may have more than one nucleus.
True/False: Hyphae cells only have one nucleus.
True! Pollination comes before Fertilization.
True/False: Pollination happens before Fertilization.
False! Protistas are MONOPHYLETIC.
True/False: Protista is polyphyletic.
- spore-forming animal parasites. - plasmodium causes malaria; then leads to toxoplasmosis. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What are Apicomplexans? What super group are they apart of?
- divided into two groups; protostomes and deuterostomes. - all HAVE to have three layers (triploblastic).
What are Bilateria in Kingdom Animalia?
- has a phylogenetic relationship to land plants.
What are Charophytes?
- several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from these.
What are Chlorophytes?
- specialized flagellate cells. - draws water through numerous small pores. - found in Porifera.
What are Choanocytes? Where is it found?
- has a pellicle (tough flexible outer covering). - has "hairs" for movement. - 2 types of nuclei and 2 types of vacuoles. - ex. paramecium. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What are Ciliates? What super group are they apart of?
- develops the anus first from the blastopore. - mouth develops in another region of embryo.
What are Deuterostomes?
- unicellular organisms. - unique double shells made of SILICA. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What are Diatoms? What super group do they belong to?
- photosynthetic. - unicellular with flagella and lives in aquatic environments. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What are Dinoflagellates? What super group are they apart of?
- unicellular. - move with flagella & have 2 nuclei. - giardia (parasites that can infect organisms). - belongs in the Excavata group.
What are Diplomonads? What is an example, and what super group are they apart of?
- fungi that lives inside plants; produces protective toxic alkaloids.
What are Endophytes?
- two cotyledons in the developing shoot. - flower parts in four, five, or many whorls. - HERBACEOUS (not woody), OR produces woody tissues. - makes up 2/3 of all flowering plants.
What are Eudicots (Dicots)?
- everything else other than Parazoa. - has well-defined tissues. - cannot regrow any cells. - under Kingdom Animalia.
What are Eumetazoa? What kingdom is it under?
- all have megaphylls. - produces spores (megaspores or microspores). wind dispersed. - belongs to the Psilotopsida Class of the Monilophyta Phylum.
What are Ferns? What class/phylum do they belong to?
- no fruits/flowers. - heterosporous (monoecious & dioecious).
What are Gymnosperms?
- single cotyledon in the seedling. - no secondary growth/no woody tissue. - ex. grains, sugar cane, bananas, pineapples.
What are Monocots?
- caused potato blight. - can be aquatic/terrestrial. - can be pathogens(living hosts)/saprobes(dead hosts). - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What are Oomcyetes? What super group do they belong to?
- live in termite guts. - uses flagella & lacks mitochondria. - belongs in the Excavata group.
What are Parabasalids? What super group are they apart of?
- feed off living things.
What are Parasitic Fungi?
- SPONGES. - lack defined tissues and organs. - has the ability to regrow cells (can regenerate a cutoff piece). - under Kingdom Animalia.
What are Parazoa? What kingdom is it under?
- develops the mouth first from the blastopore. - anus develops in another region of embryo.
What are Protostomes?
- feed off dead things.
What are Saprophytic Fungi?
- seedless vascular plants. - no roots; no leaves.
What are Tracheophytes?
- structures that have a similar function.
What are analogous structures?
- structures that share a similar origin.
What are homologous structures?
- heterotrophs. - no cell walls. - ability to move. - DIVERSE!
What are some characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
- protects embryo. - provides nourishment for embryo. - easily dispersed. - introduces a dormant phase in the life cycle.
What are the benefits of having seeds?
- chitin (polysaccharides).
What are the cell walls of Fungi made of?
- USUALLY no conductive tissue, sometimes poorly developed tissue. - NEEDS moist environment. - gametophyte dominant; has Antheridium & Archegonium.
What are the characteristics for Bryophytes?
- single-celled/multicellular. - sexual/asexual. - HETEROTROPHIC; meaning NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
What are the characteristics of Fungi?
- sporophytes increase in dominance. - still depends on water during fertilization.
What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
- ascomycota. - basidiomycota. - chytridiomycota. - glomeromycota. - zygomycota.
What are the five phyla for Fungi?
- 1. Tissue Development. - 2. Symmetry. - 3. Body Cavity Formation. - 4. Segmentation. - 5. Embryo development.
What are the five steps in the Evolution of the Animal Body IN ORDER?
- coniferophyta. - ginkgophyta. - cicadophyta. - gnetophyta.
What are the four Phyla for seed plants?
- hydrozoa (hydroids). - anthozoa (corals and see anemones). - cubozoa (box jellyfish). - scyphozoa (jellyfish).
What are the four classes of Cnidarians?
- bivalvia. - cephalopoda. - gastropoda. - polyplacopoda.
What are the four classes of Phylum Mollusca?
- bryophytes > SVP (seedless vascular plants) > gymnosperms > angiosperms. - vasculature > seeds > fruits and flowers.
What are the four great episodes in the Evolution of Land Plants IN ORDER? What traits came after each episode?
- protists - plants - fungi - animals
What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?
- branch point - basal taxon - sister taxa - polytomy
What are the four parts of a Phylogenetic Tree?
- androecium. - calyx. - corolla. - gynoecium.
What are the four parts of the flower structure?
- crustacea. - chelicerata. - hexapoda. - myriapoda.
What are the four subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda?
- amoebozoa - archaeplastida - chromalveolata - excavata - opisthokonta - rhizaria
What are the six super groups in the Protist Kingdom?
- 1. redundant systems and tissues. - 2. improved locomotion. - 3. regional specialization.
What are the three advantages of Segmentation?
- aneuploidy - autopolyploidy - allopolyploidy
What are the three errors in Meiosis?
- outer ectoderm. - middle mesoderm. - inner endoderm.
What are the three germ layers of Eumetazoa?
- phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts). - phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts). - phylum Bryophyta (mosses).
What are the three phyla of Bryophytes?
- transformation - transduction - conjugation
What are the three types of Horizontal Gene Transfers?
- prezygotic barrier - postzygotic barrier - gametic barrier
What are the three types of barriers in Reproductive Isolation?
- cnidaria - ctenophora
What are the two Phyla in Diploblasts?
- polyp (cylindrical and sessile). - medusa (umbrella-shaped and free living).
What are the two basic body forms of Cnidaria?
- Parazoa (Porifera). - Eumetazoa (everyone else).
What are the two branches of Animals?
- clitellata. - polychaeta.
What are the two classes of Phylum Annelida?
- protostomes. - deuterostomes.
What are the two groups that Bilateral symmetrical animals can divide into?
- dispersal - vicariance
What are the two main factors of Allopatric Speciation?
- gradualism - punctuated equilibrium
What are the two paces of evolution?
- lycopodiophyta. - monilophyta.
What are the two phyla of Tracheophytes?
- biological - phylogenetic
What are the two types of Species Concepts?
- radial symmetry. - bilateral symmetry.
What are the two types of Symmetry during Evolution?
- acclimation - adaptation
What are the two types of mechanism for Speciation?
- homothallic. - heterothallic.
What are the two types of sexual mating for Fungi?
- Eumetazoa.
What branch does Diploblastic and Triploblastic belong in?
- species' variation allows for natural selection to cause evolution.
What did Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace believe when it came to Evolution?
- genetic inheritance concepts. - mutations cause longer necks, NOT stretching; then natural selection happens.
What did Gregor Mendel believe when it came to Evolution? What is an example?
- species "strive" for adaptive features. - ex. giraffes have to reach for food, therefore stretching necks, resulting in more offspring with longer necks.
What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believe when it came to Evolution? What is an example?
- haplodiplontic. - male gametophytes; MICROgametophyte. - female gametophytes; MEGAgametophyte.
What do seed plants produce?
- green algae (chlorophyta & charophyta) - land plants - rhodophyta
What four subgroups are in the Archaeplastida super group?
- the mixing of species; usually NOT successful.
What is Allopolyploidy?
- an extra/reduced chromosome number.
What is Aneuploidy?
- antheridium; produces sperm. - archegonium; produces egg.
What is Antheridium? What is Archegonium?
- 2 or more complete sets of chromosomes.
What is Autopolyploidy?
- right and left halves are mirrored images. - allows for evolution of a definite brain area (Cephalization). - allows for greater mobility.
What is Bilateral Symmetry? What are its advantages?
- helps make ecosystem. - NOT plants, but can grow up to 30-80 meters. - belongs to the Chromalveolata group.
What is Brown Algae? What super group does it belong to?
- MOSTLY heterotrophic. - abundant in soil and in all freshwater/marine(saltwater) habitats. - belongs to the Rhizaria group.
What is Cercozoa? What super group does it belong to?
- most likely common ancestor of ALL animals. - single flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (looks like a flower). - belongs to the Opisthokonta group.
What is Choanoflagellida? What super group does it belong to?
- the infection of amphibians.
What is Chytridiomycosis?
- has two lateral shells (clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc.) - most are sessile (non-moving). - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.
What is Class Bivalvia? What group is it under?
- has special foot (series of arms equipped with suction cups). - a high level of intelligence. - many can change color using chromatophores (pouches of pigment). - ex. squids & octopuses. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.
What is Class Cephalopoda? What group is it under?
- EARTHWORMS & LEECHES. - lacks eyes and head. - belongs to Phylum Annelida.
What is Class Clitellata? What group is it under?
- snails and slugs. - has torsion; mantle cavity and anus are moved to the front. - has coiling; spiral winding of the shell. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.
What is Class Gastropoda? What group is it under?
- mostly MARINE WORMS. - have a differentiated head. - many live in tubes. - belongs to Phylum Annelida.
What is Class Polychaeta? What group is it under?
- chitons. - has many plates; most are grazing herbivores. - belongs to Phylum Mollusca.
What is Class Polyplacophora? What group is it under?
- two nuclei in one cell.
What is Dikaryotic?
- unisexual (separate plants).
What is Dioecious?
- 2 germ layers.
What is Diploblastic?
- when a few members of a species MOVE to a new geographical area.
What is Dispersal?
- helps speed metabolism, but also risks heart attacks. - a part of the Gnetophyta phylum.
What is Ephedra? What Phylum is it apart of?
- EARLIEST eukaryotes to possess mitochondria. - some have chloroplasts, but may become heterotrophic in the dark. - causes African Sleeping Disease. - belongs to the Excavata group.
What is Euglenozoa? What super group is it apart of?
- pore-studded shells called tests. - produces limestone with tests. - belongs to the Rhizaria group.
What is Foraminifera? What super group does it belong to?
- time that increases gradually.
What is Gradualism?
- consists of two monophyletic groups; Chlorophyta & Charophyta. - belongs to the Archaeplastida group.
What is Green Algae? What super group does it belong to?
- requires two different, but compatible mycelia.
What is Heterothallic mating?
- medicinal leech.
What is Hirudo Medicinalis another name for?
- self-fertile.
What is Homothallic mating?
- long, slender filaments (string-like). - allows cytoplasm to flow.
What is Hyphae?
- bisexual (same plant).
What is Monoecious?
- one nucleus.
What is Monokaryotic?
- a mass amount of connected Hyphae. - grows through and digests substrate.
What is Mycelium?
- has segmentation. - has a hydrostatic skeleton. - ceolomates.
What is Phylum Annelida?
- the most SUCCESSFUL animals. - affects all aspects of human life.
What is Phylum Arthropoda?
- ROUNDWORMS. - unsegmented; TRANSPARENT. - pseudocoelomates.
What is Phylum Nematoda?
- "water bears." - CRYPTOBIOSIS; resists environmental challenges. - ex. if dried out, will come back to life again if placed back in a good environment.
What is Phylum Tardigrada?
- NOT gradual, usually a big event that led to change.
What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
- can be bisected into two equal halves on any 2-D plane.
What is Radial Symmetry?
- produce intricate mineral skeletons. - needle-like pseudopods (spiky extensions). - belongs to the Rhizaria group.
What is Radiolara? What super group does it belong to?
- the ability to interbreed, of the two populations.
What is Reproductive Isolation?
- red algae. - varies in size. - belongs to the Archaeplastida group.
What is Rhodophyta? What super group does it belong to?
- primarily aquatic organisms. - has tagmata, antennae, appendages, and various legs. - ex. crabs, shrimps, lobsters, barnacles, etc. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.
What is Subphylum Crustacea? What group does it belong to?
- INSECTS. - LARGEST group of animals. - primarily terrestrial. - has a head, thorax, and abdomen. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.
What is Subphylum Hexapoda? What group does it belong to?
- centipedes and millipedes. - head followed by numerous segments. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.
What is Subphylum Myriapoda? What group does it belong to?
- 3 germ layers.
What is Triploblastic?
- when a natural situation arises to physically DIVIDE organisms.
What is Vicariance?
- an opening to the digestive system.
What is a Blastopore?
- differences in gamete cells PREVENT fertilization from taking place.
What is a Gametic Barrier?
- character found in unrelated clades, but NOT in the LCA. - tied to Polyphyly.
What is a Homoplasy? What is it tied to?
- an area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce, forming HYBRIDS.
What is a Hybrid Zone?
- includes the LCA (last common ancestor) and all descendants.
What is a Monophyly?
- a special type of organelle for Cnidaria. - used for food acquisition and defense.
What is a Nematocyst?
- includes the LCA, but NOT all descendants.
What is a Paraphyly?
- retained ancestral characteristics. - tied to Paraphyly.
What is a Plesiomorphy? What is it tied to?
- NOT LCA and descendants.
What is a Polyphyly?
- occurs AFTER zygote formation (aka hybrid inviability).
What is a Postzygotic Barrier?
- a mechanism that BLOCKS reproduction from taking place.
What is a Prezygotic Barrier?
- shared derived character state. - tied to Monophyly.
What is a Synapomorphy? What is it tied to?
- trait that is found in the ancestor of a group. - all organisms in the taxon/clade have the trait.
What is a shared ANCESTRAL character?
- trait that evolved at some point, but DOES NOT include all ancestors.
What is a shared DERIVED character?
- New character state, the FIRST.
What is an Apomorphy?
- lacks one or more of the four usual whorls.
What is an INCOMPLETE flower?
- short term response to changes, TEMPORARY.
What is the Acclimation Mechanism?
- long term changes in gene frequencies that lead to different traits in a population.
What is the Adaptation Mechanism?
- a lineage that evolved early, and remains unbranched.
What is the Basal Taxon?
- populations of organisms that can reproduce with one another and are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other populations.
What is the Biological Species Concept?
- where a split occurs, a single lineage evolved into a new one.
What is the Branch Point?
- WHISK FERNS. - no roots/leaves. - lack of stomata/lack of photosynthesis.
What is the Class Psilotopsida?
- space in between tissues. - surrounded by mesoderm.
What is the Coelom?
- digestive organs and tissues.
What is the Inner Endoderm?
- skeleton and muscles.
What is the Middle Mesoderm?
- muscular foot. - mantle (covers the stuff inside the body). - visceral mass (stuff inside the body).
What is the Mollusk Body Plan?
- body coverings + nervous system.
What is the Outer Ectoderm?
- an evolutionarily divergent lineage; maintained its hereditary integrity through time and space.
What is the Phylogenetic Species Concept?
- HORNWORTS. - sporophyte is the horn, filmy gametophyte. - sporophyte has true stomata. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.
What is the Phylum Anthocerotophyta? What group is it apart of?
- has angiosperms. - sporophyte dominant. - fruit covering seed.
What is the Phylum Anthophyta?
- contains about 75% of the known fungi. - includes bread yeasts, common molds, penicillium, etc. - belongs to the Fungi group.
What is the Phylum Ascomycota? What group does it belong to?
- includes some of the most familiar fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi). - can causes infections.
What is the Phylum Basidiomycota? What group does it belong to?
- MOSSES. - gametophyte dominant, sporophyte multicellular. - multicellular and parasitic. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.
What is the Phylum Bryophyta? What group is it apart of?
- MOST primitive. - ONLY fungi that has retained FLAGELLA. - BOTH male and female gametes are flagellated. - batrachochytrium causes chytridiomycosis. - belongs to the Fungi group.
What is the Phylum Chytridiomycota? What group does it belong to?
- LOOKS like ferns & palms, but NOT closely related. - slow growing; tropical. - pollinated by beetles. - dioecious. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.
What is the Phylum Cicadophyta? What group does it belong to?
- nearly all are marine. - have distinct tissues but NO organs. - has NO circulatory, respiratory, or excretory systems. - belongs to the Diploblast group.
What is the Phylum Cnidaria? What group does it belong to?
- LARGEST and most familiar group. - MOST woody. - almost all have seeds on cones. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.
What is the Phylum Coniferophyta? What group does it belong to?
- known as comb jellies. - captures prey with a colloblast (strong adhesive material). - structurally more complex than Cnidarians. - belongs to the Diploblast group.
What is the Phylum Ctenophora? What group does it belong to?
- living fossil. - formerly widely distributed, now only planted on purpose. - ONE living representative; Ginkgo biloba. - fan-shaped leaves. - dioecious. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.
What is the Phylum Ginkophyta? What group does it belong to?
- a tiny group of monophyletic fungi. - has mycorrhizae. - shows no evidence of sexual reproduction. - belongs to the Fungi group.
What is the Phylum Glomeromycota? What group does it belong to?
- xylem w/ vessels like angiosperms. - 3 genera; welwitschia, ephedra, gnetum. - belongs to the Seed Plants group.
What is the Phylum Gnetophyta? What group does it belong to?
- LIVERWORTS. - ancestral plants. - gametophyte dominant, tiny sporophyte. - belongs to the Bryophytes group.
What is the Phylum Hepaticophyta? What group is it apart of?
- earliest vascular plants (quillworts, club mosses, spike mosses). - belongs to the Tracheophytes group.
What is the Phylum Lycopodiophyta? What group does it belong to?
- SECOND most DIVERSE phylum. - economically significant (many are delicious)! - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.
What is the Phylum Mollusca?
- has a single remaining genus; Equisetum.
What is the Phylum Monilophyta? What group does it belong to?
- FLATWORMS; TAPEWORMS. - acoelomate (NO BODY CAVITY). - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.
What is the Phylum Platyhelminthes? What group is it under?
- SPONGES. - are parazoans. - larval sponges are free-swimming; but adults are anchored onto submerged objects. - belongs to the Parazoa group.
What is the Phylum Porifera? What group does it belong to?
- tiny, but complex internal organs. - pseudocoelomates. - belongs to Kingdom Animalia.
What is the Phylum Rotifera? What group is it under?
- incredibly DIVERSE (includes bread molds). - lacks septa in the hyphae UNLESS reproducing. - belongs to the Fungi group.
What is the Phylum Zygomycota? What group does it belong to?
- a branch with more than two lineages. - scientists may not have determined all relationships.
What is the Polytomy?
- MOST diverse. - varies considerably in some aspects (unicellular/multicellular, size, etc.).
What is the Protista Kingdom?
- two lineages stemming from the same branch point.
What is the Sister Taxa?
- has chelicerae (fangs or pinchers). - ex. spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks & mites, etc. - belongs to Phylum Arthropoda.
What is the Subphylum Chelicerata? What group does it belong to?
- when organisms adapt to different parts of the environment. - mutations can result in less competition.
What is the idea of Sympatric Speciation?
- segmented. - has compound eyes (multiple lenses) and ocelli (single lense). - undergoes ecdysis (shedding of outer layer).
What is the morphology of Arthropods?
- microphylls.
What is the name for leaves with lack of vascular structure?
- megaphylls.
What is the name for true leaves?
- mycorrhizae (ROOTS).
What is this?
- DOUBLE fertilization; generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells.
What kind of fertilization do Angiosperms undergo?
- sporophytes.
What produces male and female cones?
- apicomplexans - brown algae - ciliates - dinoflagellates -diatoms - oomcyetes
What six subgroups are in the Chromalveolata super group?
- mitochondria. - chloroplast.
What structure(s) arose through Endosymbiosis?
- none! Amoebozoa is its own super group. - has Amoebas.
What subgroup(s) are in the Amoebozoa super group?
- diplomonads - euglenozoans - parabasalids
What three subgroups are in the Excavata super group?
- animals - choanoflagellida - fungi
What three subgroups are in the Opisthokonta super group?
- cercozoa - foraminifera - radiolara
What three subgroups are in the Rhizaria super group?
- equisetopsida (horsetails) - psilotopsida (whisk ferns)
What two classes are in the Phylum Monilophyta?
- cooksonia.
What was the first VASCULAR plant to exist?
- Carl Linnaeus - developed levels of taxonomic organization.
Who was the Father of Modern Taxonomy? What did he do?
- allows for specialization.
Why is Multicellularity a benefit?