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Indicator species

Those that are particularly vulnerable to ecosystem perturbations whose health can be used to keep track of an ecosystem's health

Umbrella species

Those that require large tracts of relatively undisturbed habitat to maintain viable populations, so saving this habitat also benefits other species

Keystone species

Those with major effects on ecological functions whose absence would affect many other species in the ecological community

Areas that are generally open to visitors but are not commercially developed (i.e., they have no restaurants, hotels, etc.)

Wildlife refuges and wilderness areas

which of the following describes a riparian area that would be best for protecting a stream from runoff

a forested area with lots of undergrowth and a variety of trees, shrubs, and forest floor plants

Most water we get are from ____

aquifers- underground region of permeable soil or rock saturated with water; often regions of porous rock such as limestone

valuing ecosystem services

assessing the monetary value of an intact ecosystem to inform how to best use an area example: in thailand the value that a mangroves swamp provides in terms of local harvestable goods and value to offshore fisheries is about 6x more than the economic value of shrimp farms that displace the mangroves. if the cost if replacing the mangroves is factored in, shrimp farming would cost money, not generate it

Sources of DN

blood, Feces, Ivory, hair, Skin cells, saliva, semen or other tissue

Us domestic water use is lower than ___-

canada

what is elephant ivory used for

carvings, jewelry, traditional medicine

Scientists can use _______ to help identify endangered populations and to track illegal sale or trade of endangered species.

conservation genetics

consumer choices

consumers can influence actions taken by businesses and industries by purchasing products obtained in a way that does not harm species or better yet that helps conservation efforts they can also vote with their dollars by choosing not to buy products whose acquisistion harms biodiversity

urine color

dark = need more light yellow = adequate amount clear = too much

5 Big Ways to Conserve Biodiversity

ecotourism putting a value on ecosystem services debt for nature swaps non profit organizations land trust/conservation easement

3 indicator species

elephants chimps gorillas

healthy bay has no ____ unhealthy bay has ____

eutrophication

what are the types of African elephants

forest and savannah

CR - critically endangered

given to a species under the most serious threat

we rely on ___ and ___ for fresh water and only ___ is used by humans

ground; surface; 0.001%

water found underground in aquifers

groundwater

what are 5 main global threats to global biodiversity

habitat destruction and fragmentation pollution invasive species overexploitation climate change

Eutrophication causes ____

hypoxia

poaching

illegal hunting and killing for elephant ivory

most surface freshwater is found in

lakes

land trusts and conservation easement

land trusts are nonprofit organizations set up to protect private nonprofit land under their care. conservation easements represent a legal agreement between a land owner and land trust or government that permanetly limits land development and restricts use of that land to help preserve the conservation value of the land

savannah elephant

larger, live in savanna habitats of E&S Africa

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

law passed in 1973 to protect and encourage population growth of threatened and endangered species

what poisoned flint Michigan water

lead

ecotourism

low impact travel to natural areas that contributes to the protection of the environment and respects the local people ex. a community, region, or nation may find that tourists who come to see intact ecosystems bring in more money that would be gained by harvesting resources.

MILD dehydration

more thirsty/hungry than usual less urine than usual

Myrtle beach is one of 12 _____ beaches in USA

most polluted

economic water scarcity is defined as

not having enough $$ to access sufficient water

what energy sources uses the most water

nuclear energy (13k gallons)

external factors that threaten forest elephants

poaching habitat fragmentation roads (easier access to herds)

Huge decrease in the range of African Elephants due

poaching and habitat destruction

habitat destruction

process by which natural habitats are rendered functional u​nable to support the species rpesent​

ecosystem approach techniques

restoration- the repair and rehab of ecosystems to close to their original state (reforestation) remediation- restoration that focuses on the cleanup of pollution in a natural area

tagua

seeds can grow to 9 cm (3.5 in) when dried becomes very hard can be polished and carved into jewelry and carvings Called "vegetable ivory" used as an alternative to ivory

what are the 3 conservation approaches

single species ecosystem landscape

how much water do you need a day

six or eight glasses of water or fluid every day so 48 - 64 oz or 140 - 190 ml

Forest elephant

smaller, more rounded ears and thinner straighter tusks, location is limited to the forested areas of W& central africa

any body of water found above ground

surface water

Extinction

the complete loss of a species Extinction reduces biodiversity

Biodiversity

the entire diversity of living organisms in an area and of the genetic variation contained within species. and is a measure of the health and vitality of that ecosystem

Legal protection for threatened species includes national laws and international treaties as well as

the establishment of protected areas

debt for nature swap

the preservation of natural areas is funded by an agreement in which a nation of forgives part of the debt of a developing nation, or a nonprofit agency pays off the debt, in return for the developing nations pledge to put a percentage of that saving towards conservation projects example: so far, more than 3 billion dollars in debt has been forgiven in these programs, with almost $1 billion funding conservation in debtor countries. between 1991 and 1998, the usa forgave $1.4 billiob in debt for 7 south american countries, generating around $170 million in conservation funding

nonprofit organizations

voluntary membership supports a large number of conservation orientevorganizations which employ thousands of scientists, educations, legal advisors, and policy experts around the world example: the world wildlife fund was the first wildlife focused organization. in 2011 85% of its donations went to conservation projects. the sierra club was founded in 1892 and has many college chapters; it seeks to protect american wilderness and promote environmental protection

too much water =

water intoxication

How has conservation genetics helped ensure legal protection for elephants?

• Zambia and Tanzania again petitioned CITES for permission to sell their stockpiled ivory. • Opponents to this request argued that such allowances would only bolster the illegal trade. • DNA analysis, which showed that more than 60% of the illegal ivory seized that year did indeed come from Tanzania and Zambia.

why is water needs to keep every part of your body working

" Needed to " run majority of body reactions " flush body wastes " stay at the right temperature " prevent kidney stones and constipation

Two types of sources of pollution

- Point sources: some industrial and agriculture sources d discharge pollutants directly into a body of water - Nonpoint sources: a variety of sources contribute pollutants that can run off the surface of the land during rainfall and enter the water; air pollutants can fall directly with the rain ex. stormwater draiange from agriculture, cities, etc

SEVERE dehydration (call 911)

- Severe anxiety, confusion, or not being able to stay awake - Weak, rapid pulse - Cold, clammy skin or hot, dry skin - Little or no urination - Loss of consciousness

Landscape approach

- examines several indicator species in what is known as a landscape species suite. - This group uses all the vital areas in the ecosystem - If we monitor and protect these species collectively, we will simultaneously protect the entire ecosystem in which they reside.

why is the preservation of elephants important

-Elephants are an integral part of the ecosystem as a whole. -Elephants disperse seeds and mobilize large amounts of nutrients: Each dung pile contains thousands of individual seeds from more than a dozen different plant species. -Elephants change the physical structure of the forest: Elephants trample vegetation, fell trees, and open up the forest canopy facilitating plant growth.

MODERATE dehydration

-Extreme Thirst and Hunger -Dry appearance inside the mouth and the eyes don't tear -Decreased urination in 24 hours (3 or fewer urinations) -Lightheadedness that is relieved by lying down

Symptoms of Chronic dehydration

1. Fatigue, Energy Loss 2. Constipation 3. Digestive Disorders 4. High and Low Blood Pressure " 5. Gastritis, Stomach Ulcers 6. Respiratory Troubles 7. Acid-Alkaline Imbalance 8. Excess Weight and Obesity 9. Eczema of skin 10. High Cholesterol 11. Cystitis, Urinary Infections 12. Increased Allergy, Autoimmunity 13. Premature Aging

only ____ % of the oceans are protected

1.6%

Roughly ____ of all plants and animals are considered threatened today

1/3

___ of the world lack access to toilet

1/3

only ____% of land on earth has some protected status

13%

____ of world coral reefs are now gone

20%

Any lead parts per billion below 2.3 is ok, 5 is cause for concern, flint Michigan is at ___

27

freshwater makes up ___% on earth

3%

protected area has increased,from about ____ square kilometers in 1975 to almost 25 million square kilometers in 2011,

5 million

what is elephant birth rate

5%

____ of US total wetlands lost in last 200 yrs

50%

water is ____ of your body

60%

____ of water is trapped in saltwater oceans

74%

___% of water covers the earths surface

75%

poaching kills ____ of African elephants population annually

8% 1 killed every 14 min

Invasive Species

A plant or animal that is not native to a specific location which causes damage to the local environment. - The term most often applies to species that are introduced Characteristics: Fast growth Dispersal ability Phenotypic plasticity Rapid reproduction Generalist lifestyle Tolerance

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)

A treaty that regulates international trade in endangered species and aids in conservation efforts.

examples of Trinucleotide repeats

ACG-ACG-ACG-ACG

example of invasive species

Ballast tanks: used by cargo ships for ballast but can transport much marine life between port cities.

What is one way a consumer might impact the conservation of species and their habitats?

Being educated about local and global conservation issues Buying sustainably produced products Using fewer resources Reducing carbon emissions

oxic chemicals found in fracking fluid

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, methylene chloride

The addition of fetizilier to a body of water....

Can cause algae over growth that leads to dissolved oxygen levels to drop, killing aquatic life

genetic information

Can determine.. ! amount of genetic diversity within a population ! whether two populations are distinct species or the same species ! kinship between separate groups (one extended population? or distinct populations that don t interbreed?) ! from which region of a country a contraband animal product is from ! whether a given population is part of an endangered species.

Climate Change

Comparatively rapid changes in climate conditions threaten species that cannot adapt or relocate to more suitable habitats. - Specialist species are particularly threatened - Sea ice has decreased by 34% in last decade. - drop in Seal and Polar bears

Extinction Debt

Decline and eventual extinction of a population as a result of changes that occurred in past. (almost always habitat destruction)

DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is the Genetic or Hereditary material of all cells is a huge double stranded macromolecule that stores information.

what common things are poached

Elephanteye,Rhinohorn, Bear gal bladders, hornbill beaks, tiger skins, Tiger bone

ecosystem conservation

Entire ecosystems focus, with the goal being to preserve all of the species and their interactions. Approach requires identifying ecosystems that are at risk and taking steps to rehabilitate them. Focus on biodiversity hotspots (regions that have lost at least 70 percent of their original

Single-Species Approach

Focus is on well known charismatic species such as pandas, tigers, and elephants Techniques used include: Cap;ve breeding (e.g., species survival plans) Reintroducing the species to the wild

examples of Dinucleotide repeats

GT-GT-GT-GT-GT-GT

largest ecosystem restoration approach project

Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica. Area cleared of invasive species, trees replanted, and pioneer species allowed to move in and colonize. - 400 mi^2 restored and home to 235,000 known species. - Still make take 100+ years to reform into mature tropical forest.

INTERNAL FACTORS that threaten forest elephants

Have a limited habitat range restricted to the rainforests of west & central Africa Require large territory Have a low reproductive rate K-selected species

The avrg person can conserve water conservation at home by making different behavioral choices such as

Installing water conservation technologies like low flow toilets Wash only full loads of clothes

The avrg person can conserve water conservation at home by making different behavioral choices such as

Installing water conservation technologies like low flow toilets Wash only full loads of clothes LIMIT the amount you Rinse dishes well before running the dishwasher

Pollution

Introduction of contaminants into the natural environment. - Can be chemical substances, noise, heat, or even light. - Heavy pesticides brought Irrawaddy dolphin to brink of extinction, Considered critically endangered, now only found in 3 rivers throughout SE Asia

Areas set aside primarily for human recreation

National parks

Areas that are closed to hunting and fishing and whose main goal is to protect wildlife

Nature preserves

Economic water scarcity is defined as

Not having enough money to access sufficient water

____are set aside for longterm conservation of the habitat and species that live there. They offer varying levels of protection.

Protected areas

Single base change in DNA causes......

Sickle cell disease

STR's aka Microstatellites

Simple Tandem Repeats- segments of DNA containing tandem copies of di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat units.

examples of Tetranucleotide repeats

TATC-TATC-TATC

Source of the poaching was occurring in many places such as...

Tanzania, Gabon, Chan, Mozambique Poaching was thought to be essentially eradicated here, but these are actually the poaching hotspots. Chad

Overexploitation

The overharvest of renewable resources to the point of diminishing returns. - Loss exceeds natural sustainability

Conservation Biology

The science of preserving biodiversity. Biodiversity is important in a population because it allows the population to be more resistant to disruptions. The focus is on protecting individual species and maintaining or restoring entire ecosystems. The overall goal of conservation efforts is to increase and maintain Earth's biodiversity.


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