bio4
Indicator species
Those that are particularly vulnerable to ecosystem perturbations whose health can be used to keep track of an ecosystem's health
Umbrella species
Those that require large tracts of relatively undisturbed habitat to maintain viable populations, so saving this habitat also benefits other species
Keystone species
Those with major effects on ecological functions whose absence would affect many other species in the ecological community
Areas that are generally open to visitors but are not commercially developed (i.e., they have no restaurants, hotels, etc.)
Wildlife refuges and wilderness areas
which of the following describes a riparian area that would be best for protecting a stream from runoff
a forested area with lots of undergrowth and a variety of trees, shrubs, and forest floor plants
Most water we get are from ____
aquifers- underground region of permeable soil or rock saturated with water; often regions of porous rock such as limestone
valuing ecosystem services
assessing the monetary value of an intact ecosystem to inform how to best use an area example: in thailand the value that a mangroves swamp provides in terms of local harvestable goods and value to offshore fisheries is about 6x more than the economic value of shrimp farms that displace the mangroves. if the cost if replacing the mangroves is factored in, shrimp farming would cost money, not generate it
Sources of DN
blood, Feces, Ivory, hair, Skin cells, saliva, semen or other tissue
Us domestic water use is lower than ___-
canada
what is elephant ivory used for
carvings, jewelry, traditional medicine
Scientists can use _______ to help identify endangered populations and to track illegal sale or trade of endangered species.
conservation genetics
consumer choices
consumers can influence actions taken by businesses and industries by purchasing products obtained in a way that does not harm species or better yet that helps conservation efforts they can also vote with their dollars by choosing not to buy products whose acquisistion harms biodiversity
urine color
dark = need more light yellow = adequate amount clear = too much
5 Big Ways to Conserve Biodiversity
ecotourism putting a value on ecosystem services debt for nature swaps non profit organizations land trust/conservation easement
3 indicator species
elephants chimps gorillas
healthy bay has no ____ unhealthy bay has ____
eutrophication
what are the types of African elephants
forest and savannah
CR - critically endangered
given to a species under the most serious threat
we rely on ___ and ___ for fresh water and only ___ is used by humans
ground; surface; 0.001%
water found underground in aquifers
groundwater
what are 5 main global threats to global biodiversity
habitat destruction and fragmentation pollution invasive species overexploitation climate change
Eutrophication causes ____
hypoxia
poaching
illegal hunting and killing for elephant ivory
most surface freshwater is found in
lakes
land trusts and conservation easement
land trusts are nonprofit organizations set up to protect private nonprofit land under their care. conservation easements represent a legal agreement between a land owner and land trust or government that permanetly limits land development and restricts use of that land to help preserve the conservation value of the land
savannah elephant
larger, live in savanna habitats of E&S Africa
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
law passed in 1973 to protect and encourage population growth of threatened and endangered species
what poisoned flint Michigan water
lead
ecotourism
low impact travel to natural areas that contributes to the protection of the environment and respects the local people ex. a community, region, or nation may find that tourists who come to see intact ecosystems bring in more money that would be gained by harvesting resources.
MILD dehydration
more thirsty/hungry than usual less urine than usual
Myrtle beach is one of 12 _____ beaches in USA
most polluted
economic water scarcity is defined as
not having enough $$ to access sufficient water
what energy sources uses the most water
nuclear energy (13k gallons)
external factors that threaten forest elephants
poaching habitat fragmentation roads (easier access to herds)
Huge decrease in the range of African Elephants due
poaching and habitat destruction
habitat destruction
process by which natural habitats are rendered functional unable to support the species rpesent
ecosystem approach techniques
restoration- the repair and rehab of ecosystems to close to their original state (reforestation) remediation- restoration that focuses on the cleanup of pollution in a natural area
tagua
seeds can grow to 9 cm (3.5 in) when dried becomes very hard can be polished and carved into jewelry and carvings Called "vegetable ivory" used as an alternative to ivory
what are the 3 conservation approaches
single species ecosystem landscape
how much water do you need a day
six or eight glasses of water or fluid every day so 48 - 64 oz or 140 - 190 ml
Forest elephant
smaller, more rounded ears and thinner straighter tusks, location is limited to the forested areas of W& central africa
any body of water found above ground
surface water
Extinction
the complete loss of a species Extinction reduces biodiversity
Biodiversity
the entire diversity of living organisms in an area and of the genetic variation contained within species. and is a measure of the health and vitality of that ecosystem
Legal protection for threatened species includes national laws and international treaties as well as
the establishment of protected areas
debt for nature swap
the preservation of natural areas is funded by an agreement in which a nation of forgives part of the debt of a developing nation, or a nonprofit agency pays off the debt, in return for the developing nations pledge to put a percentage of that saving towards conservation projects example: so far, more than 3 billion dollars in debt has been forgiven in these programs, with almost $1 billion funding conservation in debtor countries. between 1991 and 1998, the usa forgave $1.4 billiob in debt for 7 south american countries, generating around $170 million in conservation funding
nonprofit organizations
voluntary membership supports a large number of conservation orientevorganizations which employ thousands of scientists, educations, legal advisors, and policy experts around the world example: the world wildlife fund was the first wildlife focused organization. in 2011 85% of its donations went to conservation projects. the sierra club was founded in 1892 and has many college chapters; it seeks to protect american wilderness and promote environmental protection
too much water =
water intoxication
How has conservation genetics helped ensure legal protection for elephants?
• Zambia and Tanzania again petitioned CITES for permission to sell their stockpiled ivory. • Opponents to this request argued that such allowances would only bolster the illegal trade. • DNA analysis, which showed that more than 60% of the illegal ivory seized that year did indeed come from Tanzania and Zambia.
why is water needs to keep every part of your body working
" Needed to " run majority of body reactions " flush body wastes " stay at the right temperature " prevent kidney stones and constipation
Two types of sources of pollution
- Point sources: some industrial and agriculture sources d discharge pollutants directly into a body of water - Nonpoint sources: a variety of sources contribute pollutants that can run off the surface of the land during rainfall and enter the water; air pollutants can fall directly with the rain ex. stormwater draiange from agriculture, cities, etc
SEVERE dehydration (call 911)
- Severe anxiety, confusion, or not being able to stay awake - Weak, rapid pulse - Cold, clammy skin or hot, dry skin - Little or no urination - Loss of consciousness
Landscape approach
- examines several indicator species in what is known as a landscape species suite. - This group uses all the vital areas in the ecosystem - If we monitor and protect these species collectively, we will simultaneously protect the entire ecosystem in which they reside.
why is the preservation of elephants important
-Elephants are an integral part of the ecosystem as a whole. -Elephants disperse seeds and mobilize large amounts of nutrients: Each dung pile contains thousands of individual seeds from more than a dozen different plant species. -Elephants change the physical structure of the forest: Elephants trample vegetation, fell trees, and open up the forest canopy facilitating plant growth.
MODERATE dehydration
-Extreme Thirst and Hunger -Dry appearance inside the mouth and the eyes don't tear -Decreased urination in 24 hours (3 or fewer urinations) -Lightheadedness that is relieved by lying down
Symptoms of Chronic dehydration
1. Fatigue, Energy Loss 2. Constipation 3. Digestive Disorders 4. High and Low Blood Pressure " 5. Gastritis, Stomach Ulcers 6. Respiratory Troubles 7. Acid-Alkaline Imbalance 8. Excess Weight and Obesity 9. Eczema of skin 10. High Cholesterol 11. Cystitis, Urinary Infections 12. Increased Allergy, Autoimmunity 13. Premature Aging
only ____ % of the oceans are protected
1.6%
Roughly ____ of all plants and animals are considered threatened today
1/3
___ of the world lack access to toilet
1/3
only ____% of land on earth has some protected status
13%
____ of world coral reefs are now gone
20%
Any lead parts per billion below 2.3 is ok, 5 is cause for concern, flint Michigan is at ___
27
freshwater makes up ___% on earth
3%
protected area has increased,from about ____ square kilometers in 1975 to almost 25 million square kilometers in 2011,
5 million
what is elephant birth rate
5%
____ of US total wetlands lost in last 200 yrs
50%
water is ____ of your body
60%
____ of water is trapped in saltwater oceans
74%
___% of water covers the earths surface
75%
poaching kills ____ of African elephants population annually
8% 1 killed every 14 min
Invasive Species
A plant or animal that is not native to a specific location which causes damage to the local environment. - The term most often applies to species that are introduced Characteristics: Fast growth Dispersal ability Phenotypic plasticity Rapid reproduction Generalist lifestyle Tolerance
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
A treaty that regulates international trade in endangered species and aids in conservation efforts.
examples of Trinucleotide repeats
ACG-ACG-ACG-ACG
example of invasive species
Ballast tanks: used by cargo ships for ballast but can transport much marine life between port cities.
What is one way a consumer might impact the conservation of species and their habitats?
Being educated about local and global conservation issues Buying sustainably produced products Using fewer resources Reducing carbon emissions
oxic chemicals found in fracking fluid
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, methylene chloride
The addition of fetizilier to a body of water....
Can cause algae over growth that leads to dissolved oxygen levels to drop, killing aquatic life
genetic information
Can determine.. ! amount of genetic diversity within a population ! whether two populations are distinct species or the same species ! kinship between separate groups (one extended population? or distinct populations that don t interbreed?) ! from which region of a country a contraband animal product is from ! whether a given population is part of an endangered species.
Climate Change
Comparatively rapid changes in climate conditions threaten species that cannot adapt or relocate to more suitable habitats. - Specialist species are particularly threatened - Sea ice has decreased by 34% in last decade. - drop in Seal and Polar bears
Extinction Debt
Decline and eventual extinction of a population as a result of changes that occurred in past. (almost always habitat destruction)
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is the Genetic or Hereditary material of all cells is a huge double stranded macromolecule that stores information.
what common things are poached
Elephanteye,Rhinohorn, Bear gal bladders, hornbill beaks, tiger skins, Tiger bone
ecosystem conservation
Entire ecosystems focus, with the goal being to preserve all of the species and their interactions. Approach requires identifying ecosystems that are at risk and taking steps to rehabilitate them. Focus on biodiversity hotspots (regions that have lost at least 70 percent of their original
Single-Species Approach
Focus is on well known charismatic species such as pandas, tigers, and elephants Techniques used include: Cap;ve breeding (e.g., species survival plans) Reintroducing the species to the wild
examples of Dinucleotide repeats
GT-GT-GT-GT-GT-GT
largest ecosystem restoration approach project
Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica. Area cleared of invasive species, trees replanted, and pioneer species allowed to move in and colonize. - 400 mi^2 restored and home to 235,000 known species. - Still make take 100+ years to reform into mature tropical forest.
INTERNAL FACTORS that threaten forest elephants
Have a limited habitat range restricted to the rainforests of west & central Africa Require large territory Have a low reproductive rate K-selected species
The avrg person can conserve water conservation at home by making different behavioral choices such as
Installing water conservation technologies like low flow toilets Wash only full loads of clothes
The avrg person can conserve water conservation at home by making different behavioral choices such as
Installing water conservation technologies like low flow toilets Wash only full loads of clothes LIMIT the amount you Rinse dishes well before running the dishwasher
Pollution
Introduction of contaminants into the natural environment. - Can be chemical substances, noise, heat, or even light. - Heavy pesticides brought Irrawaddy dolphin to brink of extinction, Considered critically endangered, now only found in 3 rivers throughout SE Asia
Areas set aside primarily for human recreation
National parks
Areas that are closed to hunting and fishing and whose main goal is to protect wildlife
Nature preserves
Economic water scarcity is defined as
Not having enough money to access sufficient water
____are set aside for longterm conservation of the habitat and species that live there. They offer varying levels of protection.
Protected areas
Single base change in DNA causes......
Sickle cell disease
STR's aka Microstatellites
Simple Tandem Repeats- segments of DNA containing tandem copies of di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat units.
examples of Tetranucleotide repeats
TATC-TATC-TATC
Source of the poaching was occurring in many places such as...
Tanzania, Gabon, Chan, Mozambique Poaching was thought to be essentially eradicated here, but these are actually the poaching hotspots. Chad
Overexploitation
The overharvest of renewable resources to the point of diminishing returns. - Loss exceeds natural sustainability
Conservation Biology
The science of preserving biodiversity. Biodiversity is important in a population because it allows the population to be more resistant to disruptions. The focus is on protecting individual species and maintaining or restoring entire ecosystems. The overall goal of conservation efforts is to increase and maintain Earth's biodiversity.
