bio5

DNA

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

energy stored and released

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

a single amino acid change; primary structure

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

...

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptides

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

covalent

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

cis double bonds; liquids

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

chitin

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

water

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

double helix; running antiparallel

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

trace elements

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.

they are all disaccharide

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

The peptide bond is __________.

molecules called chaperonins

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

primary

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

glycosidic linkages

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

Chaperonins

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

water

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.