Biochem chapter 6

Glucogenesis differs from glycolysis because

ALL OF THESE

Cartilage and mucus are both slippery because

Both change repulsion of acidic groups and the sticky natures of sugars

In the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to. 1,3 - bisophosphoglycerate

an aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid

metabolism in the absence of oxygen in yeast, glucose breaks down

carbon dioxide and ethanol

Equillibrium in the body

change of temp

The percentage of energy captures as ATP during the conversion of glucose lactates is

closest to 30%

glycogen has branches, the branch polymers are more accessible to the enzymes, all the reducing ends are available to

release glucose

WHCH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE

the M4 version. of lactate dehydrogenase predominates in heart tissue

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing free energy and pyruvic acid does not require oxygen

Different types of glycosidic bonds

-Alpha 1-4 -Alpha 1-6 -Beta 1-4

Enzyme that is involved in glycolysis

1.Hexokinase 2. Phosphoglucomutase 3.Phosphofructokinase 4.Aldolase 5. Triode-phosphate isomerase 6.Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase 7.phosphoglycerokinase 8.phosphoglyceromutase 9.Enolase 10. pyruvate kinase

How many steps in glycolysis have ATP as a substrate of a product?

4

How many. ATP equivalents are expanded to convert 2 pyruvate to 1 glucose?

6

How many enantiomeric pairs are possible for a aldohexose?

8

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A metabolic process that produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Which of the following monosaccharides in al aldose? Glucose, galactose, mannose , ribose

ALL OF THEM

Which of the following monosaccharides is an aldose?

ALL OF THEM glucose,galactose, mannose , ribose

Which of the following enzymes of glycolysis is not involved in the regulation of the glycolytic pathway? Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase?

Aldolase

Enzyme that converts between aldose , ketone?

Aldose Ketose Isomers

In the conversion of. glyceraldehyde 3.-phosphate to 1, 3 bisophoglycerate?

An aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid

Dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule.

Another name given to glycogen

Animal starch

most common polysaccharides in earth found in wood

Cellulose

Epimers

Diastereomers that differ from each other D-Erythrose and D-threose

When you fill up a gas it is filled put with what type of alcohol

Ethanol

Glycogen loading is particularly advantageous for providing energy for long distance athletic events.

False ; short distance

Branching and debranching enzymes use the exact same mechanism to add and remove the branches of the glycogen polymer.

False/ No

Can be detected by measuring the level of acetaldehyde in the bloodstream of a pregnant women

Fetal alcohol syndrome

In the hydrolysis of PEP

GDP and ATP are used

converted into glucose6 phosphate in the blood

Glucose

Which of the following happens when epinephrine and glucagon are release?

Glycogen phosphorylase is activated and glycogen synthase is inhibited

occurs where there is excess glucose 6 phosphate in the blood,

Glycogenesis

Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction

Hemolytic anemia

Your liver cells will be running gluconeogenesis and your leg muscle cells will be running glycolysis

If you are running away from a bear (fligtht or fight )

The formation and breakdown of fructose 2, 6-bisophosphate

It is catalyzed by the same protein depended upon wheter it is phosphorylated or not

Which of the following is true about phosphofructokinase?

It is made of four subunits, potentially of two different types

Which of the following is phosphofructokinase?

It is made up of four subunits, potentially of two different types.

Which of the following terms desrcibes an enzyme that transfers phosphate group from ATP to a substrate? kinase, isomerase,mutase, dehydrogenase?

Kinase

What kind enzymes in the cytoplasm lead to the production of NADH

Malae dehydroginase

Glucose G Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

NADPH deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia

Can humans or animals digest cellulose?

No. We lack beta acetyl enzymes that digest cellulose.

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate functions as a potent allosteric activator of

PFK1

Peptidoglycan can be described as a polysaccharide that contains?

Peptide crosslinks

The step that commits to the cell to metabolize glucose is catalyzed by

Phosphofructokinase

Two enzymes involved in substate cycling ?

Phosphofructokinase fructose, 1, 6-bisophotase

What kind of reaction is used to release glucose units from glycogen?

Phosphorolysis

Glycolysis that starts with glycogen instead of glucose can be considered to have a higher energy yield because:

Phosphorylase produces a glucose phosphate without spending an ATP to do it.

Control of an entry of glucose or fructose into the oxidative portions of the pentose phosphate pathway is mostly depended on a cells need for NADPH, rather than on the cells need for pentose? T/F

TRUE

Glycosidic bonds do not exist in monosaccharides? T/F

TRUE

Is is impossible to reverse any kinase reaction under physiological conditions. T/F?

True

The amino acid cysteine is important when turning glyceraldehyde phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ? T/F ?

True . important

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE GLYCOSIDIC DISSACHARIDE SHOWN BELOW ?

a(2-4)

Alcohol gets converted to what? when consumed like ethanol?

acetaldehyde

In humans, pyruvate can be converted to

acetyl-CoA and lactate

Term used for blood sugar

blood glucose

Most enzymes are located in the

cytosol

Gluconeogenisis differs from glycolysis because

different enzymes are involved, biotin is required for gluconeogenisis and not for glycolysis , the irreversible steps of glycolysis are bypassed : ALL OF THE ABOVE

Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase are activated

differently not together

Ketose examples

fructose and ribulose

Phosphofructokinase is activated by

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and by AMP, it is inhibited by ATP and citrate (1,6)

Does not regulate glycogen contuse

glucose

Cancer cells need more

glucose and glycolysis. (sugar )

Sugars that can be a substate for hexokinase

glucose, mannose, fructose

Carbon in open chain form

hemiacetal carbon

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to give glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

is catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase

The formation and breakdown of fructose, 2, 6-biophosphate

is catalyzed by the same protein dependent upon whether it is phosphorylated or not

The formation and breakdown of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate

is catalyzed in the same protein dependent upon whether it is phosphorylated or not.

Which of the following terms describes an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate?

kinase

What sugar is also called milk sugar

lactose

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

lactose

Cellulose structure

linear chains of glucose units linked by b1, 4 glycosidic bonds

In which organ is glycogen stored int he body ?

liver and muscle

Pyruvate Carboxylase is located in the

mitochondria membrane

Glycogen synthase and glycogen phospholipase are affected through the same enzyme via

modifications

The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 1 phosphate. and glucose 6 phosphate is

mutase

The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate. and glucose 6 phosphate is ?

mutase

Glycogen always proceeds from

non reducing ends

In glycogen the reducing ends are

on the main chain

The difference between cellobiose and maltose

one has an a linkage and the other aa linkage

Tollen's reagant

oxidizing agent that does not work on alcohols can (presense of sugar)

Peptidoglycan can be describes as a polysaccharide that contains

peptide crosslinks

Which of the following is not a hormone in the control of carbohydrate metabolism?

phosphofructokinase

ABO blood groups are characterized by different _____on the cell's surface

polysaccharides/ oligosaccharides

Haworth projection

representation of the cyclic form of sugars and can show distinction between a and b anomers. BOTH OF THE ABOVE

Thyamine Pyrophosphate is a coenzyme for

required in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase, Transfers 2 carbon units (alcohol )

Transaldolase

responsible for the reshuffling of the carbon atoms of sugar ribose 5 phosphate and xylulose 5 phosphate 3 CARBON

Which of the following Is not a reducing sugar? Maltose, sucrose , lactose, fructose, glucose

sucrose

common table sugar

sucrose

Sources of bio fuel

virgin oil, corn , soy plants

It is better to have insoluble fiber in a diet then soluble fiber in bulk?

yes