Biochem chapter 6
Glucogenesis differs from glycolysis because
ALL OF THESE
Cartilage and mucus are both slippery because
Both change repulsion of acidic groups and the sticky natures of sugars
In the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to. 1,3 - bisophosphoglycerate
an aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid
metabolism in the absence of oxygen in yeast, glucose breaks down
carbon dioxide and ethanol
Equillibrium in the body
change of temp
The percentage of energy captures as ATP during the conversion of glucose lactates is
closest to 30%
glycogen has branches, the branch polymers are more accessible to the enzymes, all the reducing ends are available to
release glucose
WHCH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE
the M4 version. of lactate dehydrogenase predominates in heart tissue
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing free energy and pyruvic acid does not require oxygen
Different types of glycosidic bonds
-Alpha 1-4 -Alpha 1-6 -Beta 1-4
Enzyme that is involved in glycolysis
1.Hexokinase 2. Phosphoglucomutase 3.Phosphofructokinase 4.Aldolase 5. Triode-phosphate isomerase 6.Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase 7.phosphoglycerokinase 8.phosphoglyceromutase 9.Enolase 10. pyruvate kinase
How many steps in glycolysis have ATP as a substrate of a product?
4
How many. ATP equivalents are expanded to convert 2 pyruvate to 1 glucose?
6
How many enantiomeric pairs are possible for a aldohexose?
8
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
A metabolic process that produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
Which of the following monosaccharides in al aldose? Glucose, galactose, mannose , ribose
ALL OF THEM
Which of the following monosaccharides is an aldose?
ALL OF THEM glucose,galactose, mannose , ribose
Which of the following enzymes of glycolysis is not involved in the regulation of the glycolytic pathway? Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase?
Aldolase
Enzyme that converts between aldose , ketone?
Aldose Ketose Isomers
In the conversion of. glyceraldehyde 3.-phosphate to 1, 3 bisophoglycerate?
An aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid
Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule.
Another name given to glycogen
Animal starch
most common polysaccharides in earth found in wood
Cellulose
Epimers
Diastereomers that differ from each other D-Erythrose and D-threose
When you fill up a gas it is filled put with what type of alcohol
Ethanol
Glycogen loading is particularly advantageous for providing energy for long distance athletic events.
False ; short distance
Branching and debranching enzymes use the exact same mechanism to add and remove the branches of the glycogen polymer.
False/ No
Can be detected by measuring the level of acetaldehyde in the bloodstream of a pregnant women
Fetal alcohol syndrome
In the hydrolysis of PEP
GDP and ATP are used
converted into glucose6 phosphate in the blood
Glucose
Which of the following happens when epinephrine and glucagon are release?
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated and glycogen synthase is inhibited
occurs where there is excess glucose 6 phosphate in the blood,
Glycogenesis
Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction
Hemolytic anemia
Your liver cells will be running gluconeogenesis and your leg muscle cells will be running glycolysis
If you are running away from a bear (fligtht or fight )
The formation and breakdown of fructose 2, 6-bisophosphate
It is catalyzed by the same protein depended upon wheter it is phosphorylated or not
Which of the following is true about phosphofructokinase?
It is made of four subunits, potentially of two different types
Which of the following is phosphofructokinase?
It is made up of four subunits, potentially of two different types.
Which of the following terms desrcibes an enzyme that transfers phosphate group from ATP to a substrate? kinase, isomerase,mutase, dehydrogenase?
Kinase
What kind enzymes in the cytoplasm lead to the production of NADH
Malae dehydroginase
Glucose G Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
NADPH deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia
Can humans or animals digest cellulose?
No. We lack beta acetyl enzymes that digest cellulose.
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate functions as a potent allosteric activator of
PFK1
Peptidoglycan can be described as a polysaccharide that contains?
Peptide crosslinks
The step that commits to the cell to metabolize glucose is catalyzed by
Phosphofructokinase
Two enzymes involved in substate cycling ?
Phosphofructokinase fructose, 1, 6-bisophotase
What kind of reaction is used to release glucose units from glycogen?
Phosphorolysis
Glycolysis that starts with glycogen instead of glucose can be considered to have a higher energy yield because:
Phosphorylase produces a glucose phosphate without spending an ATP to do it.
Control of an entry of glucose or fructose into the oxidative portions of the pentose phosphate pathway is mostly depended on a cells need for NADPH, rather than on the cells need for pentose? T/F
TRUE
Glycosidic bonds do not exist in monosaccharides? T/F
TRUE
Is is impossible to reverse any kinase reaction under physiological conditions. T/F?
True
The amino acid cysteine is important when turning glyceraldehyde phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ? T/F ?
True . important
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE GLYCOSIDIC DISSACHARIDE SHOWN BELOW ?
a(2-4)
Alcohol gets converted to what? when consumed like ethanol?
acetaldehyde
In humans, pyruvate can be converted to
acetyl-CoA and lactate
Term used for blood sugar
blood glucose
Most enzymes are located in the
cytosol
Gluconeogenisis differs from glycolysis because
different enzymes are involved, biotin is required for gluconeogenisis and not for glycolysis , the irreversible steps of glycolysis are bypassed : ALL OF THE ABOVE
Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase are activated
differently not together
Ketose examples
fructose and ribulose
Phosphofructokinase is activated by
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and by AMP, it is inhibited by ATP and citrate (1,6)
Does not regulate glycogen contuse
glucose
Cancer cells need more
glucose and glycolysis. (sugar )
Sugars that can be a substate for hexokinase
glucose, mannose, fructose
Carbon in open chain form
hemiacetal carbon
Glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to give glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
is catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase
The formation and breakdown of fructose, 2, 6-biophosphate
is catalyzed by the same protein dependent upon whether it is phosphorylated or not
The formation and breakdown of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate
is catalyzed in the same protein dependent upon whether it is phosphorylated or not.
Which of the following terms describes an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate?
kinase
What sugar is also called milk sugar
lactose
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
lactose
Cellulose structure
linear chains of glucose units linked by b1, 4 glycosidic bonds
In which organ is glycogen stored int he body ?
liver and muscle
Pyruvate Carboxylase is located in the
mitochondria membrane
Glycogen synthase and glycogen phospholipase are affected through the same enzyme via
modifications
The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 1 phosphate. and glucose 6 phosphate is
mutase
The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate. and glucose 6 phosphate is ?
mutase
Glycogen always proceeds from
non reducing ends
In glycogen the reducing ends are
on the main chain
The difference between cellobiose and maltose
one has an a linkage and the other aa linkage
Tollen's reagant
oxidizing agent that does not work on alcohols can (presense of sugar)
Peptidoglycan can be describes as a polysaccharide that contains
peptide crosslinks
Which of the following is not a hormone in the control of carbohydrate metabolism?
phosphofructokinase
ABO blood groups are characterized by different _____on the cell's surface
polysaccharides/ oligosaccharides
Haworth projection
representation of the cyclic form of sugars and can show distinction between a and b anomers. BOTH OF THE ABOVE
Thyamine Pyrophosphate is a coenzyme for
required in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase, Transfers 2 carbon units (alcohol )
Transaldolase
responsible for the reshuffling of the carbon atoms of sugar ribose 5 phosphate and xylulose 5 phosphate 3 CARBON
Which of the following Is not a reducing sugar? Maltose, sucrose , lactose, fructose, glucose
sucrose
common table sugar
sucrose
Sources of bio fuel
virgin oil, corn , soy plants
It is better to have insoluble fiber in a diet then soluble fiber in bulk?
yes