Biochemistry-Atoms and Bonding

ion

a charged atom or molecule is called this

cation

a positively charge ion because it gives an electron

electronegativity

an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond, and the more it has, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons towards itself

ionic bond

an attraction between an anion and a cation

water

hydrogen bonds happen mostly in this type of molecule because it is formed with polar covalent bonds and has a positive and negative charge on each end. this allows it to bond to itself

2

hydrogen can only hold a mass of this number of valence electrons so it won't follow the octet rule

polar covalent bond

in this type of relationship, one atom pulls on the electrons more than the other and the atoms do not share the electron equally. this causes apartial positivity, or negative charge, for the molecule

nonpolar covalent bond

in this type of relationship, the atoms share the electrons equally, so equal electronegativity

anion

negatively charged ion because it takes an electron

electrons

negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus

neutrons

neutral charged particle in the nucleus (helps hold nucleus together)

protons

positively charged particles in the nucleus (# determines the atomic number of the element)

2 electrons

shell 1 of an atom can hold this number of this

8 electrons

shell 2 of an atom can hold this number of this

atom

smallest unit of matter

covalent bond

strong bonds that form when valence electrons are shared between atoms

elements

substances made of one type of atom, and represented by symbols

hydrogen bonds

the attractive force between the hydrogen with a partial positive force (because it's attached to an electronegative atom) and an electronegative atom(partial negative charge) of a different molecule

atomic mass

the average mass of all isotopes(forms) of that element

ionic bond

the bond formed when one atom steals the electrons from their bonding partner to obey the octet rule. after the transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges

valence electrons

these are electrons in the outermost layer of an electron cloud, it determines how an atom will bond with other atoms

compounds

these molecules are made of one or more types of elements bonded together

octet rule

this rule states that all atoms want to have 8 valence electrons. if it has less than 8, they bond with another atom to fulfill this rule

chemical reaction

when atoms bond or break bonds