Bioethics Exam 3
why is it intolerable for government to dictate that doctors may never help someone to die who believes that further life means only degradation?
None of these dramatically different attitudes about the meaning of death can be dismissed as irrational. None should be imposed, either by the pressure of doctors or relatives or by the fiat of government, on people who reject it. Just as it would be intolerable for government to dictate that doctors never be permitted to try to keep someone alive as long as possible, when that is what the patient wishes, so it is intolerable for government to dictate that doctors may never, under any circumstances, help someone to die who believes that further life means only degradation.
Is there any record that supports the [Solicitor General's] conclusion?
Nothing in the record supports the [Solicitor General's] conclusion that no system of rules and regulations could adequately reduce the risk of mistake. As discussed above, the experience of states in adjudicating requests to have life-sustaning treatment removed indicates the opposite. The Solicitor General has provided no persuasive reason why the same sore of procedures could not be applied effectively in the case of a competent individual's request for physician-assisted suicide.
Now, what claims about children or possible children are relevant to the morality of childbearing in the circumstances being considered?
Of primary importance is the judgement that we ought to try to provide every child with something like a minimally satisfying life. I am not altogether sure how best to formulate this standard but I want clearly to reject the view that it is morally permissible to conceive individuals so long as we do not expect them to be so miserable that they wish they were dead. I believe that this kind of moral minimalism is thoroughly unsatisfactory.
What did the philosophers ask the Court to recognize?
On the contrary, they ask the Court to recognize that individuals have a constitutionally protected interest in making those grave judgments for themselves, free from the imposition of any religious or philosophical orthodoxy by court or legislature.
What is the first qualification on the meaning of procreative liberty?
One is that "liberty" as used in procreative liberty is a negative right. It means that a person violates no moral duty in making a procreative choice, and that other persons have a duty not to interfere with that choice. However, the negative right to procreate or not does not imply the duty of others to provide the resources or services necessary to exercise one's procreative liberty despite plausible moral arguments for governmental assistance.
If sex selection by sperm sorting is objectionable, it must be for reasons that go beyond the debate about the moral status of the embryo. What are the reasons?
One such reason is that sex selection is an instrument of sex discrimination-typically against girls, as illustrated by the chilling sex ratios in India and China. Some speculate that societies with substantially more meant than women will be less stable, more violent, and more prone to crime or war. These are legitimate worries-- but the sperm-sorting company has a clever way of addressing them. It offers MicroSort only to couples who want to choose the sex of a child for purposes of "family balancing." Those with more sons than daughters may choose a girl, and vice versa. But customers may not use the technology to stock up on children of the same sex.
How does Huntington's Disease happen?
Onset is insidious. Personality changes (obstinacy, moodiness, lack of initiative) frequently antedate or accompany the involuntary choleric movements. These usually appears first in the face, neck, and arms, and are jerky, irregular, and stretching in character. Contractions of the facial muscles result in grimaces, those of the respiratory muscles, lips, and tongue lead to heisting, explosive speech. Irregular movements of the trunk are present; the gait is shuffling and dancing. Tendon reflexes are increased.... Some patients display a fatuous euphoria; others are spiteful, irascible, destructive, and violent. Paranoid reactions are common. Poverty of thought and impairment of attention, memory, and judgment occur. As the disease progressed, walking becomes impossible, swallowing difficult, and dementia profound. Suicide is not uncommon.
What are the 5 states that allow physician assisted suicide?
Oregon (1st) Montana Vermont Washington New Mexico
What is is Openness to the unbidden?
Parental love is not contingent on the talents and attributes a child happens to have. We choose our friends and spouses at least partly on the basis of qualities we find attractive. But we do not choose our children. Their qualities are unpredictable, and even the most conscientious parents cannot be held wholly responsible for the kind of children they have. That is why parenthood, more than other human relationships, teaches what the theologian William F. May calls "an openness to the unbidden."
After telling the story of the Good Samaritan, Jesus said "Go , and do thou likewise. " What did he mean?
Perhaps he meant that we are morally required to act as the Good Samaritan did. Perhaps he was urging people to do more than is morally required of them. At all events it seems plain that it was not morally required of any of the thirty-eight that he rush out to give direct assistance at the risk of his own life, and that it is not morally required of anyone that he give long stretches of his life -nine years or nine months- to sustaining the life of a person who has no special right (we were leaving open the possibility of this) to demand it.Thomson denies that we should be good Samaritans all the time.
In the third place, the claim that the loss of one's future is the wrong making feature of one's being killed does not entail, as sanctity of human life theories do, that active euthanasia is wrong. What does?
Persons who are severely and incurably ill, who face a future of pain and despair, and who wish to die will not have suffered a loss if they are killed. It is, strictly speaking, the value of a human's future which makes killing wrong in this theory. This being so, killing does not necessarily wrong some persons who are sick and dying. Of course, there may be other reasons for a prohibition of active euthanasia, but that is another matter. Sanctity-of-human-life theories seem to hold that active euthanasia is seriously wrong even in an individual case where there seems to be good reason for it independently of public policy considerations. This consequence is more implausible, and it is a plus for the claim that the loss of a future of value is what makes killing wrong that it does not share this consequence.
What is one way the slope can slide?
Physician Assistant Suicide may become limitless -Arras thinks this is bad for society -this is the Dutch model of PAS of Netherlands & Sweden
What was the largest mental Hospital in 1930s?
Pilgrim State Hospital
Don Marquis
Pro-Life Arguments on Immorality of Abortion. Marquis wants to distance himself from personhood accounts.
Why is procreative liberty a liberty that is important?
Procreation and reproduction is very important for humans. Ugentics.
What is the distinction between production & rearing?
Production is having the kid, rearing is raising the kid.
Purdy
Purdy doesn't want to take an abortion stand. Her views will have consequences if it is pro-life or pro-choice.
If you do the prenatal screening and the screening shows positive that the embryo has the disease. Should you bring it into this world?
Purdy says no you shouldn't
Is it wrong to bring children who have a genetic risk factor into existence?
Purdy thinks yes it is wrong.
What did Reinhardt claim about PAS?
Reinhardt claimed that by allowing patients or their surrogates to forgo life-sustaining medical treatments, including artificially administered nutrition and hydration, and by sanctioning the administration of pain-killing drugs that might also hasten death, our society already permits a variety of "death inducing" practices. Thus, the social risks of allowing PAS are only different in degree, not in kind, from risks that we already countenance.
Who was the first to make a test tube baby?
Robert Edwards and Patrick Streptoe
Who were the Philosophers in philosophers' brief?
Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson
What is the second reason that human cloning is not persuasive?
Second, even if a concern for autonomy explains some of our worries about made-to-order children, it cannot explain our moral hesitation about people who seek genetic remedies or enhancements for themselves. Gene therapy on somatic (that is, non-reproductive) cells, such as muscle cells and brain cells, repairs or replaces defective genes. The moral quandary arises when people use such therapy not to cure a disease but to reach beyond health, to enhance their physical or cognitive capacities, to life themselves above the norm.
Who was seeking to distinguish Cruzan?
Seeking to distinguish Cruzan, Petitioners insist that a state may nevertheless burden that right in a different way by forbidding doctors to assist in the suicide of patients who are not on life-support machinery. They argue that doctors who remove life support are only allowing a natural process to end in death whereas doctors who prescribe lethal drugs are intervening to cause death.
What does the article say about the height-enhancement?
Since the 1980s human growth hormone has been approved for children with a hormone deficiency that makes them much shorter than average. But the treatment also increases the height of healthy children. Some parents of healthy children who are unhappy with their stature (typically boys) ask why it should make a difference whether a child is short because of a hormone deficiency or because his parents happen to be short. Whatever the cause, the social consequences are the same.
What is Sandel's response to the two types of athletic achievement situation?
Some might say effort: the problem with drugs is that they provide a shortcut, a way to win without striving. But striving is not the point of sports; excellence is. And excellence consists at least partly in the display of natural talents and gifts that are no doing of the athlete who processes them. This is an uncomfortable fact for democratic societies.
What does the article say about memory enhancing?
Some who worry about the ethics of cognitive enhancement point to the danger of creating two classes of human beings: those with access to enhancement technologies, and those who must make do with their natural capacities. And if the enhancements could be passed down the generations, the two classes might eventually become subspecies-- the enhanced and the merely natural. But worry about access ignores the moral status of enhancement itself. Is the scenario troubling because the un-enhanced poor would be denied the benefits of bioengineering, or because the enhanced affluent would somehow be dehumanized?
After first trimester=
State decision
What does the article say about Muscle genetic enhancement?
Suppose for the sake of the argument that muscle-enhancing gene therapy, unlike steroids, turned out to be safe-- or at least no riskier than a rigorous weight-training regiment. Would there be a reason to ban its use in sports? there is something unsettling about the image of genetically altered athletes lifting SUV's or hitting 650-foot home runs or running a three-minute mile. But what exactly is troubling about it? Is it simply that we find such superhuman spectacles too bizarre to contemplate? or does our unease point to something of ethical significance?
All this, together with our observation, supra, that throughout the major portion of the 19th century prevailing legal abortion practices were far freer than they are today, persuades us that the word "person," as used in the Fourteenth Amendment, does not include the unborn...
TRUE
What does Purdy want to defend ?
That it is morally wrong to reproduce when we know there is a high risk of transmitting a serious disease or defect.
What is Thomson's Response to the people-seed example?
This is not an objection but a complaint. These are called thought experiments and are used all the time to test hypotheses in philosophy and science. (e.g., Schrodinger's Cat)
The Right of Privacy
This right of privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feed it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is Broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.
Thomson
Thomson denies that all abortions are unjust killings. "There are cases and cases and the details matter." You can go about arguing on the pro-life core argument, by saying a fetus is not a person.
Which abortions are just and which are unjust?
Thomson: "there are cases and cases and the details make a difference", She does not give a general principle to answer this question. Instead, it is to be based on a case by case method. She does give some hints though. Taking from the parable of the "good samaritan," Thomson believe that we should be minimally-decent samaritans when it comes to abortion... but should never be required to be good samaritans. (Abortion laws or circumstances that require that we never have abortions would force us to be good samaritans.)
What does the article say about responsibility?
Though some maintain that genetic enhancement erodes human agency by overriding effort, the real problem is the explosion, not the erosion, of responsibility. As humility gives way, responsibility expands to daunting proportions. We attribute less to chance and more to choice. Parents become responsible for choosing, or failing to choose, the right traits for their children. Athlete become responsible for acquiring, or failing to acquire, the talents that will help their teams win.
What is Sandel's reason for why he thinks diminished agency fail?
Thought there is much to be said for this argument, I do not think the main problem with enhancement and genetic engineering is that they undermine effort and erode human agency. The deeper danger is that they represent a kind of hyper agency- a Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to sure our purposes and satisfy our desires. The problem is not the drift to mechanism but the drive to mastery. And what the drive to mastery misses and may even destroy is an appreciation of the gifted character of human powers and achievements.
From a religious standpoint, what answer is clear?
To believe that our talents and powers are wholly our own doing is to misunderstand our place in creation, to confuse our role with God's. Religion is not the only source of reasons to care about giftedness, however. The oral stakes can also described in secular terms. If bioengineering made the myth of the "self-made man" came true, it would be difficult to view our talents as gifts for which we are indebted, rather than as achievements for which we are responsible. This would transform three key features of our moral landscape: humility, responsibility, and solidarity.
According to Marquis' "future like ours" account, it may be impermissible to kill some non-human mammals if they have a sufficient future like ours.
True
According to Robertson, genetic screening and selective abortion are protected as a part of procreative liberty
True
As the authors of one highly publicized proposal have come to see, the logic of justification for active euthanasia is identical to that of PAS.
True
Procreative liberty is a negative right
True
Purdy says it is morally wrong to have genetically related children.
True
Since fetus's have futures of value, then aborting them are prima facie immortally wrong.
True
The fetus is not constitutionally a person, but they should still be protected.
True
You can go about arguing on the pro-life core argument, by saying a fetus is not a person.
True
Abortion and Morality are common argument for immorality of abortion
True.
Having something to value requires someone to value it.
True.
If genetically related people would stop having children, the disease would die out.
True.
If you have a fetus with a disability, you have the right to selectively abort it.
True.
There is a ton of issues that could come from the drugs and the procedures.
True.
What is the Federal Law for the compelling point?
Up until that time of the compelling point, the abortion is legal.
the Counterexample to (p4)
Violinist example: Shows that the proposition "It is always wrong to kill someone with a right to life" is false. So it will be false wherever it appears. So given that it appears as (p4), then (p4) is therefore false and the core argument fails.
What is "openness to the the unbidden"?
We are open to the idea of the world to surprise, we don't control the world.
Why is the problem with drugs and uncomfortable face for democratic societies?
We want to believe that success, in sports and in life, is something we earn, not something we inherit. Natural gifts, and the admiration they inspire, embarrass the meritocratic faith; they cast doubt on the conviction that praise and rewards flow from effort alone. In the face of this embarrassment we inflate the moral significance of striving and depreciate giftedness. This distortion can be seen, for example, in network television coverage of the Olympics, which focuses less on the feats the athletes perform than on heartrending stories of the hardships they have overcome and the struggles they have waged to triumph over an injury or a difficult upbringing or political turmoil in their native land.
Desire Account
What makes killing wrong, is that you desire life.
What is the Compelling point?
When is the fetus able to live outside of the mothers body without medical knowledge?
What is the most slippery aspect of this slope?
With regard to the voluntariness requirement, we pessimists contend that many requests would not be sufficiently voluntary. In addition to the subtly co-ercive influences of physicians and family members, perhaps the most slippery aspect of this slope is the highly predictable failure of most physicians to diagnose reliably and treat reversible clinical depression, particularly in the elderly population.
Does the desire account fail?
YES
Is egg donation dangerous?
YES
According to Thompson, a state that totally disallows abortions, makes them illegal, and makes having them a felony would force the woman who was pregnant to be
a good samaritan
Why should we not limit procreative liberty?
because it is central to personal identity, to dignity and to the meaning of one's life.
Why do most people deny genetics?
because of un-equality
When a competent patient does want to die, how is the moral situation different?
because then it makes no sense to appeal to the patient's right now to be killed as a reason why an act designed to cause his death is impermissible.
When do the symptoms of Huntington's Disease usually begin?
between the age of thirty and fifty.
What is the logic of the case for PAS based upon?
but the logic of the case for PAS, based as it is upon the twin pillars of patient autonomy and mercy, this makes it highly unlikely that society could stop with this modest proposal once it had ventured out on the slope
How is cloning wrong because it violates the right to autonomy?
by choosing a child's genetic makeup in advance, parents deny the child's right to an open future. A similar objection can be raise against any form of bioengineering that allows parents to select or reject genetic characteristics.
What are the long term risks of egg donation?
can cause cancer, strokes, not being able to conceive, even death.
The best methodology, one should ascribe to Thompson's view on abortion would be..
casuist
In this case, the category of a person is being used to state _____?
conclusion of the analysis rather than generate the argument of the analysis.
According to Watkins, we should read Thompson's examples as
counterexamples
What did Cruzan case support?
cruzan supports the proposition that a state may not burden a terminally ill patient's liberty interest in determining the time and manner of his death by prohibiting doctors from terminating life support.
According to Robertson, control over whether one reproduces or not is central to one's....
dignity, meaning of one's life, and personal identity. (all of the above)
What is eggsploitation?
donating female eggs.
Until recently, Huntington's Disease was.... What?
especially problematic because most affected individuals did not know whether they had the gene for the disease until well into their childbearing years. So they had to decide about child bearing before knowing whether the could transmit the disease to not. If in time, they did not develop symptoms of the disease, then their children could know they were not at risk for the disease. If unfortunately they did develop symptoms, then each of their children could know there was a fifty percent change that they had inherited the gene. In both case, the children faced a period of prolonged anxiety as to whether they would develop the disease.
According to Purdy, people who have Huntington's disease are morally wrong to raise children
false
According to Justices in favor of the Roe v. Wade decision the compelling point is after the second trimester
false- after the 1st trimester.
Purdy's thesis only applies to those who are pro-life
false- both pro-life and pro-choice
According to Purdy, we should try to provide children with a maximally satisfying life
false- minimally
How many physicians wrote the 95 prescriptions?
fifty five. (range 1-6)
What does Sandel take a negative view on?
genetic enhancement
What is the Pandora's Box Documentary about?
genetics
Parties challenging state abortion laws....
have sharply disputed in some courts the contention that a purpose of these laws, when enacted, was to protect prenatal life. Pointing to the absence of legislative history to support the contention, they claim that most state laws were designed solely to protect the woman. Because medical advances have lessened this concern, at least with respect to abortion in early pregnancy, they argue that with respect to such abortions the laws can no longer be justified by any state interest. There is some scholarly support for this view of original purpose. The few state courts called upon to interpret their laws in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did focus on the State's interest in protecting the woman's health rather than in preserving the embryo and fetus...
what is coital reproduction?
having a baby through sex.
What is non-coital reproduction?
having baby not through sexual reproduction. ex: egg implanting, sperm donation, IVF (test tube babes)
What did Reinhardt argue?
he argued that, just as the right to privacy guarantees women the right to choose an abortion, this liberty interest protects a right to choose the time and manner of one's death.
Who was Judge Reinhardt and what was liberty interest?
he was writing for a majority of an en band decision of the Ninth Circuit, held that competent, terminally ill patients have a powerful "liberty interest," what used to be called Constitutional right, to enlist the aid of their physicians in hastening death via prescriptions for lethal drugs.
Who can value the fetus?
if the mother doesn't value the fetus, abortion groups value the fetus. As long as someone values it then it has value.
With respect to the State's important and legitimate interest in the health of the mother, the "compelling" point is when?
in the light of present medical knowledge, is at approximately the end of the first trimester. This is so because of the now-established medical fact,... that until the end of the first trimester mortality in abortion may be less than mortality in normal childbirth. It follows that, from and after this point, a State may regulate the abortion procedure to the extent that the regulation reasonably relates to the preservation and protection of maternal health.
What are examples of permissible state regulation?
in this area are requirements as to the qualifications of the person who is to perform the abortions; as to the licensure of that person; as to the facility in which the procedure is to be performed, that is, whether it must be a hospital or may be a clinic or some other place of less-than-hospital status; as to the lincensing of the facility; and the life.
What is the alternative to a cloned or genetically enhanced child?
is not one whose future is unbound by particular talents but one at the mercy of the genetic lottery.
What is the category morally central to this analysis?
is the category of having a valuable future like ours; it is not the category of personhood. The argument to the conclusion that abortion if prima facie seriously morally wrong proceeded independently of the notion of person or potential person or any equivalent. Someone may wish to start with this analysis in terms of the value of a human future, conclude that abortion is, except perhaps in rare circumstances, seriously morally wrong, infer that fetuses have the right to life, and then call fetuses "persons" as a result of their having the right to life.
What is locked in syndrome?
is when you have a perfectly normal mind but can't move the body.
When are abortions legal?
it is a federal law that first trimester abortions are legal in every state.
What did philosopher Ronald Dworkin eloquently argued?
it is a form of tyranny to force someone to endure terrible suffering at the end-of-life merely for the sake of someone else's values.
What is Sandel's response for Argument from Diminished Agency?
it's not a diminished agency but rather a blown up agency. Genetic Enhancement lessens the appreciation of human powers and achievements
What is the other way the slope can slide?
lead to abuse -the choice will not be voluntarily enough
Why is the arms-race objection not decisive on its own?
like the fairness objection to bioengineered muscles and memory, it leaves unexamined the attitudes and dispositions that prompt the drive for enhancement. If we were bothered only by the injustice of adding shortness to the problems of the poor, we could remedy that unfairness by publicly subsidizing height enhancements. As for the relative height deprivation suffered by innocent bystanders, we could compensate them by taxing those who buy their way to greater height. The real question is whether we want to live in a society where parents feel compelled to spend a fortune to make perfectly healthy kids a few inches taller.
What were the most frequently mentioned end of life concerns?
loss of autonomy (96.6%), loss of dignity (91.5%), and decreasing ability to participate in activities that made life enjoyable (86.4%)
What is the paradigmatic statement that the Court offered?
matters involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime, choices central to a person's dignity and autonomy, are central to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.
99.9% percent of genes in what animal, is the same as humans?
mice
How do we see death?
most of us see death--whatever we think will follow it-- as the final act of life's drama, and we want that last act to reflect our own convictions, those we have tried to live by, not the convictions of others forced on us in our most vulnerable moment.
Legally, active euthanasia is considered as what?
murder
What are examples of eugenics?
nazi concentration camps
According to Robertson, procreative liberty is a _______ right.
negative right
Marquis "Future like ours" account is a :
neither a discontinuation nor desire account
Does Arras think Physician Assistant Suicide should be legal?
no
Has anybody done research on the aftermath of the drugs required for egg donation?
no
Is the a cure for mental illnesses?
no
Do we have the right to interfere with normal people?
no.
Severely mentally disabled people can reproduce the kid, but do they have the ability to raise the kid?
no.
Is there anywhere in the US that voluntarily active euthanasia is legal?
no. no where in the united state is voluntarily euthanasia allowed.
Will physician assistant suicide become rampant?
no. there is a little over 500 today.
According to Thompson if 34 people watched a murder but did not do anything about it, not even phoning the police, they would be
not be minimally decent citizens.
Not minimally-decent samaritan
not doing what morality requires.
According to Thompson, the best account we can give to the meaning of the right to life is...
not to be killed unjustly
What a patient regards as proper grounds for such a decision normal reflects exactly the judgements of personal ethics--
of what his life is important and what affects its value- that patients have a crucial liberty interest in deciding for themselves.
This argument does not rely _______
on the invalid inference that, since it is wrong to kill persons, it is wrong to kill potential persons also.
Being deprived of the ability to reproduces prevents what?
one from an experience that is central to individual identity and meaning in life. Although the desire to reproduce is in part socially constructed, at the most basic level transmission of one's genes through reproduction is an animal or species urge closely linked to the sex drive.
How many assisted cycles were used as non-donor sperm and donor eggs?
over 100,000.
What are the most commonly asserted reasons for limiting coital reproduction?
overpopulation, unfitness of parents, harm to offspring, and costs to the state of others.
What is Arras for?
patient autonomy
Pro Life arguments:
personhood account nonpersonhood account
Procreative liberty should enjoy ___?
presumptive primacy when conflicts about its exercise arise because control over whether one reproduces or not is central to personal identity, to dignity, and to the meaning of one's life.
States have a constitutionally legitimate interest in what?
protecting individuals from irrational, ill-informed, pressured, or unstable decisions to hasten their own death. To that end, states may regulate and limit the assistance that doctors may give individuals who express a wish to die. But states may not deny people in the position of the patient plaintiffs in these cases.
Minimally-decent samaritan:
respecting the call of morality ( what we should be)
What does the paragraph say about risks?
risks that a patient will be unduly influenced by considerations that the state might deem it not in his best interest to be swayed by, for example, the feelings and views of close family members.
Robertson
said the state can not deny your rights to reproduce
Pro-Choice Movement
says that the state's decisions are not in the spirit of Roe v. Wade because Roe v. Wade said that abortion should be legal and by making it difficult to get is not in the spirit of Roe v. Wade.
What will Robertson allow?
selective reproduction
This move fails because of ______
some ambiguities. Let us assume that something cannot be of value unless it is valued by someone. This does not entail that my life is of no value unless it is valued by me. I may think, in a period of despair, that my future is of no worth whatsoever, but I may be wrong because others right see value-even great value- in it. Furthermore, my future can be valuable to me even if i do not value it. This is the case when a young person attempts suicide, but is rescued and goes on to significant human achievements. Such young people's futures are ultimately valuable to them, even though such futures do not seem to be valuable to them at the moment of attempted suicide. A fetus's future can be valuable to it in the same way. Accordingly, this attempt to limit the anti-abortion argument fails.
The problem of determining whether technology implicates a major reproductive interest also aries with what?
technologies that select offspring characteristics. Some degree of quality control would seem logically to fall within the realm of procreative liberty. For many couples the decision whether to procreated depends on the ability to have healthy children. Without some guarantee or protection against the risk of handicapped children, they might not reproduce at all.
What happened in 1980s?
thanks in part to an energetic campaign by navy Wexler, a genetic marker was found that, in certain circumstances, could tell people with a relatively high degree of probability whether or not they had the gene for the disease.
What did Judge Miner observe?
that New York's law allowed some people relief from the ravages of terminal illness (i.e., those connected to some form of removable life-support) while denying relief to those not so connected, for whom PAS was the only remaining exit.
What does Thomson assume?
that a fetus (p1) is a person but the pro-life argument is not right. She denies (premise 4)
What does the thesis hold?
that some reproductive acts are wrong, and my argument puts the burden of proof on those who disagree with it to show why its conclusions can be overridden. Hence it denies that people should be free to reproduce mindless of the consequences. However, as moral argument, it should be taken as a proposal for further debate and discussion. It is not, by itself, an argument in favor of legal prohibitions of reproduction.
What does Openness to the unbidden help us see?
that the deepest moral objection to enhancement lies less in the perfection it seeks than in the human disposition it expresses and promotes.
what did Judge Miner and Judge Reinhardt agree about?
that the social risks of PAS are identical to those of our more socially approved "death inducing" practices, Judge Miner concluded that this kind of differential treatment serves no legitimate state purpose. Thus, he held that the law was unconstitutional even in the absence of a new fundamental right to PAS.
what amendment was important for Roe v. Wade?
the 14th
The right of personal privacy includes....
the abortion decision, but that this right is not unqualified and must be considered against important state interests in regulation.
What is Argument from Diminished Agency?
the agent becomes less themselves. (they are changing who they are)
What does genetic enhancement lessen?
the appreciation of the gifted quality of life.
What is having a right to life?
the best we have is not being killed unjustly
One move of this sort is based upon.....
the claim that a necessary condition of one's future being valuable is that one values it. Value implies a valuer. Given this one might argue that, since fetuses cannot value their futures, their futures are not valuable to them. Hence, it does not seriously wrong them deliberately to end their lives.
what does the analysis in Casey compel?
the conclusion that the patient=plaintiffs have a liberty interest in this case that a state cannot burden with a blanket prohibition. Life a woman's decision whether to have an abortion, a decision to die involves one's very "destiny" and inevitably will be "shaped to a large extent on [one's] own conception of [one's] spiritual imperatives and [one's] place in society"
What is the most serious pressure of all?
the criminal law which tells them that they may not decide for death if they need the help of a doctor in dying, no matter who firmly they wish it.
What happened in March 1993?
the defective gene itself was discovered. Now individuals can find out whether they carry the gene for the disease, and prenatal screening can tell us whether a given fetus has inherited it. These technological developments change the moral scene substantially.
What do physicians routinely ignore and allow to happen to patients??
the documented wishes of patients and all too often allow patients to die with uncontrolled pain. Studies of cancer patients have shown that over 50 percent suffer from unrelieved pain, and many researchers have found that uncontrolled pain, particularly when accompanied by feelings of hopelessness and untreated depression, is a significant contributing factor for suicide and suicidal ideation.
What is ovulation?
the donor produces 2 eggs per month.
The appellee and certain amici argue that...?
the fetus is a "person" within the language and meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. In support of this, they outline at length and in detail the well-known facts of fetal development. If this suggestion of personhood is established, the appellant's case, of course, collapses,... for the fetus' right to life would then be guaranteed specifically by the Amendment.
As with avoiding reproduction, the freedom to procreate involves what?
the freedom to engage in a series of actions that eventuate in reproduction and usual in child rearing. One must be free to marry or find a willing partner, engage in sexual intercourse, achieve conception and pregnancy, carry a pregnancy to term and rear offspring. So
Thus viewed, quality control device become part of.....
the liberty interest in procreating or in avoiding procreation, and arguably should receive the same degree of protection. If so, genetic screening and selective abortion, as well as the right to select a mate or a source for donated eggs, sperm, or embryos should be protected as part of procreative liberty. The same arguments would apply to positive intervention to cute disease at the fetal or embryo stage.
What government wanted the ideal race?
the nazi government
Judge Ranches:
the notion of liberty DOES NOT protect a woman's right for an abortion. The notion of liberty is not good enough.
What is the case Cruzan going against?
the objection of "can't make doctors kill"
After the compelling point,
the state can decide whether or not the abortion is legal.
Social and natural barriers to reproduction would involve what?
the unavailability of willing or suitable partners, impotence or infertility, and lack of medical and childcare resources. State barriers to marriage, to sexual intercourse, to conception, to infertility treatment, to carrying pregnancies to term, and to certain child-reating arrangements would also limit the freedom to procreate.
According to Marquis' views on the immorality of abortion is the use of contraception sometimes, always, or never permitted.
the use of contraception is permitted.
What shows that Marquis' principle is wrong
the violinist example
What does Jim Watson believer the woman should have?
thee right to not have the child if it is going to be genetically unhealthy.
What happens if we create a non-personhood account?
then Thompson's objective is overlooked or not valid.
What if it is permissible for a doctor deliberately to withdraw medical treatment in order to allow death to result from a natural process?
then it is equally permissible for him to help his patient hasten his own death more actively, if that is the patient's express wish.
What is it like from a patient's point of view?
there is no morally pertinent difference between a doctor's terminating treatment that keeps him alive, if that is what he wishes, and a doctor's helping him to end his own life by providing lethal pills he may take himself, when ready, if that is what he wishes except that the latter may be quicker and more humane. Nor is that a pertinent difference from the doctor's point of view. If and when it is permissible for him to act with death in view, it does not matter which of those two means he and his patient choose.
What are some of the fears of patients?
they fear falling victim to the technological imperative; they fear dying in chronic and uncontrolled pain; they fear the psychological suffering attendant upon the relentless disintegration of the self; they fear, in short, a bad death. All of these fears, it so happens, are eminently justified.
What is the one line of objection that draws on arguments familiar from the abortion debate?
those who believe that an embryo is a person, reject embryo screening for the same reasons they reject abortion. If an eight-cell embryo growing in a petri dish is morally equivalent to a fully developed human being, then discarding it is no better than aborting a fetus, and both practices are equivalent to infanticide. Whatever its merits, however, this "pro-life" objection is not an argument against sex selection as such.
What does Genetic Lottery mean?
to be born with the best of everything genetically
How did Jim Watson believe that DNA science should be used?
to change the human race. His views are both extraordinary and extremely controversial.
Even people who are dying have a right to what?
to hear and, if they wish, act on what others might wish to tell or suggest or even hint to them, and it would be dangerous to suppose that a state may prevent this on the ground that it knows better than its citizens when they should be moved by or yield to particular advice or suggestion in the exercise of their right to make fateful personal decisions for themselves. It is not a good reply that some people may not decide as they really wish- as they would decide, for example, if free from the "pressure" of others.
To acknowledge the giftedness of life is to... what?
to recognize that our talents and powers are not wholly our own doing, despite the effort we expend to develop and to exercise them. It is also to recognize that not everything in the world is open to whatever use we may desire or devise. Appreciate the gifted quality of life constrains the promethean project and conduces to a certain humidity. It is in part of a religious sensibility. But its resonance reaches beyond religion.
What is a second faction primarily object?
to the fact that physicians are being called upon to do the killing. While conceding that killing the terminally ill or assisting in their suicides might not always be morally wrong for others to do, this group maintains that the participation of physicians in such practices undermines their role as healers and fatally compromises the physician-patient relationship.
Being persuaded by family members, shows that there is a care perspective.
true
Marquis leaves "what is the future value" open
true
The only reason you should deny PAS is religious or ethical conviction.
true
The state is making regulations so it is harder to get an abortion
true
According to Thompson, if the violinist only needed the use of your kidneys for an hour, you would be morally decent to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, but should not conclude from this that he has a right to do so
true- you'd be decent to do so, but you aren't obligated to do so.
Watson thinks what is good for the individual not what is good for the country.
trye
How many ways can the slope slide?
two
What is the ethic of giftedness?
under siege in sports, persists in the practice of parenting. But here, too, bioengineering and genetic enhancement threaten to dislodge it. To appreciate children as gifts is to accept them as they come, not as objects of our design or products of our will or instruments of our ambition.
What does Purdy suggest?
we should strive to give normal health to a kid.
What does Sandel think is good?
what is natural is what is good.
At first glance the autonomy argument seems to capture what?
what is troubling about human cloning and other forms of genetic engineering. It is not persuasive for two reasons.
What the Philosopher's Brief?
when 5 philosophers advised the court that PAS should be legal.
Positive rights
when the state can interfere with your bubble
What is super ovulation?
where the donor produces dozens of eggs a month.
Are there treatments for mental illnesses?
yes
Do the 5 philosophers rely on the 14th Amendment to protect these rights?
yes
Does physician assistant suicide allow for more mercy?
yes
Is selective abortion acceptable to Robertson?
yes
is there a difference between physician assisted suicide and active euthanasia?
yes
Are the 5 philosophers against Arras?
yes because they think PAS should be legal
Do we have the right to interfere with mentally disabled reproduction?
yes.
Is non-coital reproduction accepted by Robertson?
yes.
What did Timothy Quill say?
you can reduce suffering, but you can't eliminate suffering.
negative rights
you have a right with entity for someone(state) not to enter your bubble. ex. unlawful entry. where the state can't interfere with your doings.
what is the heart of liberty?
"at the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life." this was the analysis in the Casey case
What did Chief Justice say in Cruzan v. Missouri?
"the choice between life and death is a deeply personal decision of obvious and overwhelming finality."
How much is spent on egg donation a year?
$6.5 billion a year
Which laws failed for abortion according to Roe v Wade? and why?
(1) A Victorian concern to discourage illicit sexual behavior. (doesn't think this is valid. ) (2) Abortion is a dangerous medical procedure. (Abortion is actually less dangerous)
Support
(1) It deprives more than anything- our future (killing deprives more than anything which is our future) (2) It would be wrong to kill other nonhuman species (NOT a Speciest Account) (3) be wrong to kill some animals (dolphins have more of a future like ours instead of gnats.) (4) does not entail that active euthanasia is wrong (5) prima facie wrong to kill infants (because they have a future)
Future
(1) events will happen (2) in which I can control my future
Thomsons Response
(a) You can set up the example such that the actual disconnection from the violinist is what actually kills him, not his underlying disease. (b) If you accept this distinction you run into Rachels' objection that there is no moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia. You must think, then, that Jones (who let the child drown) is somehow better than Smith (who killed the child)
Pro-Life Core Argument
(p1) a fetus is a person (p2) Every person has a right to life (p3) So, the fetus has a right to life (p4) It is always wrong to kill someone with a right to life. (conclusion) so a fetus may never be aborted.
The Pro-Life Core Argument
(p1) a fetus is a person (p2) every person has a right to life (p3) so the fetus has a right to life (p4) it is always wrong to kill someone with a right to life (c) so, a fetus may never by aborted.
What is Thomson's objective?
(p5a) Thomson denies premise 5a having the right to life doesn't mean having the bare minimum for continued existence. (p5b) The violinist is an objection to this. Its not true. Thomson denies this too.
What are the other premises?
(p5a) having a right to life means having the bare minimum for continued existence. (p5b) having the right to life means having the right not to be killed (p5c) having the right to life means having the right not to be killed UNJUSTLY.
How do figure out what "a right to life means"
(p5a): having right to life means having the right to the bare minimum for continued life. (FALSE, Kate Beckinsale Kiss) (p5b): having right to life means having the right not to be killed. (FALSE, Violinist example) Shift: not to right not to be killed, but right not to be killed unjustly. This is the best we can get for a meaning as what a "right to life" amounts to.
Which premise does Thomson think is correct?
(p5c) Having the right to life means having the right not to be killed unjustly. This is the meaning of having a right to life.
What is Thomson's objection to premise 5d?
(p5d) Thomson thinks p5d isn't true. She denies p5d. Thomson's counterexample against this claim is..
What is the 5 philosophers response to the Slippery Slope?
1) Cruzan had some concerns (FAIL) 2) There has been no record of slippery slope concerns 3) risks
What were the requirements for Oregon to request a prescription for lethal medications, the Death with Dignity Act requires that a patient voluntarily express his wish to die and be?
1) an adult (age 18 or older) 2) an Oregon resident 3) capable (able to make and communicate health care decisions, ) and 4) diagnosed with a terminal illness (incurable and irreversible) that will lead to death within six months
What are Arras' Objections to Physician Assistant Suicide?
1) religious 2) can't make doctors kill 3) slippery slope
What are the Arguments for physician assistant suicide?
1) respect for patient autonomy 2) respect for patient Mercy 3) clinical issues
Patients meeting these requirements are eligible to request a prescription for lethal medication from a licensed Oregon physician. To receive a prescription for lethal medication, what steps must be fulfilled?
1) the patient must make two oral requests to his physician, separated by at least 15 days; 2) the patient must provide a written, witnessed request to his physician (two witnesses); 3) the prescribing physician and a consulting physician must confirm the diagnosis and prognosis; 4) the prescribing physician and a consulting physician must determine whether the patient is capable; 5)if either physician believes the patient's judgment is impaired by a psychiatric or psychological disorder, he must refer the patient for a psychological examination; 6) the prescribing physician must inform the patient of feasible alternatives to assisted suicide, including comfort care, hospice care, and pain control; 7) the prescribing physician must request, but may not require, the patient to notify his next-of-kin of the prescription request
If Genetic Enhancement went through, our moral landscape would change in which ways?
1.) Humility would decrease 2.) responsibility (we would be responsible for every trait we have) 3.) solidarity
Argument from Analogy
1.) X is A for reasons R. 2.) Y is like X in reasons- relevant way R 3.) So, Y is A for reasons R.
What are the stages for egg donation?
1.) stop ovarian function (stop menstrual cycle) 2.) super-ovulated. (make many eggs) 3.) release eggs from ovaries 4.) egg removal surgery
Which US constitutional amendment was particularly important to the Roe v. Wade decision?
14th.
How long does the illness last?
15 years, terminating in death.
Since the Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) was passed in 1997, how many have died?
460 patients have died from ingesting medication prescribed under the Death with Dignity Act.
If you have it, you have a _____ chance of giving it to your offspring.
50%
Of the 95 prescriptions written, how many took the medications?
53 patients took the medications, 30 died of their underlying illness, and 12 were alive at the end of 2009.
During 2009, how many lethal medications were written under the provisions of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act (DWDA)?
95 prescriptions.
Objection
A fetus cannot value a future because it is incapable of valuing a future. But, someone else can have value of the fetus.
14th Amendment
All persons borns or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Argument from Counterexample
An example is used to show a proposition to be false. (Prop): All triangles are equilateral (it is false and will be false no matter where it appears) (Counterexample): There are isosceles and scalene triangles. This means that (Prop) is false.... and will be false wherever it occurs.
What are two ways to argue?
Argument by Analogy-relies on the universe. Argument by Counterexample
What is one argument that Sandel thinks fails?
Argument from Autonomy
What is another argument that Sandel thinks fails?
Argument from Diminished Agency
What do PAS practices pose a threat too according to Arras' document?
As a firm believer in patient autonomy, I find myself tone deeply sympathetic to the central values motivating the case for PAS and euthanasia; I have concluded, however, that these practices pose too great a threat to the rights and welfare of too many people to be legalized in this country at the present time.
How old were the patients who took lethal medications?
As in prior years, most participants were between 55 and 4 years of age (78.0%) , white (98.3%), well educated (48.3% had at least a baccalaureate degree), and had cancer (79.7%). Patients who died in 2009 were slightly older (median age 76 years) than in previous years (median age 70 years)
What if autonomy was the prime consideration?
As numerous other critic have pointed out, if autonomy is the prime consideration, then additional constraints based upon terminal illness or unbearable pain, or both, would appear hard to justify.
What is the fundamental questions for memory-enhancing?
As with muscles, so with memory: the fundamental question is not how to ensure equal access to enhancement but whether we should aspire to it in the first place.
What are we concerned with for a minimally satisfying life?
But there is no need to consider this complication at length here since we are concerned only with health as a prerequisite for a minimally satisfying life. Thus, as we draw out what such a standard might require of us, it seems reasonable to retreat to the more limited claim that parents should try to ensure something like normal health for their children. It might be thought that even this moderate claim is unsatisfactory since in some places debilitating conditions are the norm, but one could circumvent this objection by saying that parents ought to try to provide for they children heathy normal for that culture, even though it may be inadequate if messed by some outside standard. This conservative position would still justify effort to avoid birth of children at risk for Huntington's Disease and other serious diseases in virtually all societies.
What is the article saying about human-growth prescriptions?
By 1996, such "off-label" use accounted for 40 percent of human growth hormone prescriptions. Although it is legal to prescribe drugs for purposes not approved by the Food and Drug Administration, pharmaceutical companies cannot promote such use. Seeking to expand its market, Eli Lilly & Co. recently persuaded the FDA to approve its human growth hormone for healthy children whose projected adult height is in the bottom one percentile-under five feet three inches for boys and four feet eleven inches for girls. This concession raises a large question about the ethics of enhancement: If hormone treatments need not to be limited to those with hormone deficiencies, why should they be available only to very short children? Why shouldn't all shorter- than average children be able to seek treatment? And what about a child of average height who wants to be taller so that he can make the basketball team?
Objection to the violinist example?
Can we make a distinction between active and passive euthanasia here? One lets the violinist die while you kill a fetus.
Which court cases do they use for their argument?
Casey Supports the Liberty Asserted Here Cruzan Supports the Liberty Asserted Here
Can those who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned make an exception for a pregnancy due to rape?
Certainly. They can say that persons have a right to life only if they didn't come into existence because of rape; or they can say that all persons have a right to life, but that some have less of a right to life than others, in particular, that those who came into existence because of rape have less. But these statements have a rather unpleasant sound. Surely the question of whether you have a right to life at all, or how much of it you have, shouldn't turn on the question of whether or not you are the product of a rape.
Who was the 1st president of Cold Spring Harbor Labs and wrote a book called Eugentics?
Charles Davenport
What is Purdy's claim?
Conception can be morally wrong due to genetic risks.
Where did most patients die?
Most patients died at home (98.3%); and most were enrolled in hospice care (91.5%) at time of death.
What are the four topics from Sandel?
Muscles, memories, heigh and sex selection
What is Purdy's thesis?
My primary concern here is to argue that conception can sometimes be morally wrong on grounds of genetic risk, although this judgement will not apply to those who accept the moral legitimacy of abortion and are willing to employ prenatal screening and selective abortion. If my case is solid, then those who oppose abortion must be especially careful not to conceive in certain cases... Those... who do not see abortion as murder have more ways to prevent birth.
Is the right to privacy absolute?
No its not.
Is there a cure for Huntington's disease?
No.
Are all abortions unjust killings?
No. (C) is false because of the violinist example. But that was because you were kidnapped. (p5c) If someone does something knowing that her action may result in another's requiring her assistance for survival, then the other has the right to her assistance.
Is (p5c) correct?
No. People-seeds example is a counterexample to it.
Futuristic practices that fall outside the protective canopy of procreative liberty:
Futuristic practices such as non therapeutic enhancement, cloning, or intentional diminishment of offspring characteristics may so deviate form the core interests that make reproduction meaningful as to fall outside the protective canopy of procreative liberty.
Which country is the most hostile to genetic science?
Germany
Good Samaritan:
Going above and beyond the call of morality
Who is Tony Nicklinson?
He suffered from locked in syndrome. he wanted Parliaments to allow doctors and loved ones to end his miserable life because he was unable to. Parliament would not change the definition of murder(active euthanasia). So Tony killed himself by refusing to eat and starving himself.
Who was Jim Watson?
He was the President of the Cold Spring Harbor Labs
What is a point that she doesn't go into?
How is the parent with Huntington's disease going to take care of the kid?
What is the reason for the objection of can't make doctors kill?
If Rachel is right with her theory of there is no moral distinction between killing and letting die .
What is Purdy's Conclusion?
If possible children are unlikely to live minimally satisfying lives, then the potential parents should not have genetically related children.
What does the article say about Humility?
In a social world that prizes mastery and control, parenthood is a school for humility. That we care deeply about our children and yet cannot choose the kind we want teaches parents to be open to the unbidden. Such openness is a disposition worth affirming, not only within families but n the wider world as well. It invites us to abide the unexpected, to live with dissonance, to rein in the impulse to control. A Gattaca-like world in which parents become accustomed to specifying the sex and genetic traits of their children would be a world inhospitable to the unbidden, a gated community writ large. The awareness that our talents and abilities are not wholly our own doing restrains our tendency toward hubris.
Roe v. Wade
In the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a woman, in consultation with her physician, has a constitutionally protected right to choose abortion in the early stages of pregnancy-that is, before viability.
What is an argument by counter-example on premise 4?
In the famous violinist, you are not obligated to stay connected to the violinist. So therefore premise 4 is false.
Good Samaritan
Indeed, with one rather striking class of expectations, no one in any country in the world is legally required to do anywhere near as much as this for anyone else. The class of exceptions is obvious. My main concern here is not the state of the law in respect to abortion, but it is worth drawing attention to the fact that in no state is this country is any man compelled by law to be even a Minimally Decent Samaritan to any person; there is no law under which charges could be brought against the thirty-eight who stood by while Kitty Genovese died. By contrast, in most states in this country women are compelled by law to be not merely Minimally Decent Samaritans, but Good Samaritans to unborn persons inside them. This doesn't by itself settle anything one way or the other, because it may well be argued that there should be laws in this country- as there are in many European countries- compelling at least Minimally Decent Samaritanism. But it does show that there is a gross injustice in the state of the law. And it shows also that the groups currently working against liberalization of abortion laws, in fact working toward having it declared unconstitutional for a state to permit abortion, had a better start working for the adoption of Good Samaritan laws generally, or earn the charge that they are acting in bad faith.
What is the problem with Genetic Enhancement?
It changes the way we are in humans.
What is suggested that our moral response to enhancement is a response to the diminished agency of the person whose achievement is enhanced?
It is commonly said that genetic enhancements undermine our humanity by threatening our capacity to act freely, to succeed by our own efforts, and to consider ourselves responsible-worthy of praise or blame- for the things we do and for the way we are. It is one thing to hit 70 home runs as the result of disciplined training and effort, and something else, something less, to hit them with the help of steroids or genetically enhanced muscles. Of course, the roles of effort and enhancement will be a matter of degree. But as the role of enhancement increases our admiration of the achievement fades, -- or, rather, our admiration for the achievement shifts from the player to his pharmacist.
What is Marquis' principle?
It is wrong to kill x if x has a future like ours.
Why was abortion viewed with less disfavor than under most American statutes currently in effect?
It is..... apparent that at common law, at the time of the adoption of our Constitution, and throughout the major portion of the 19th century, abortion was viewed with less disfavor than under most American statutes currently in effect. Phrasing it another way, a woman enjoyed a substantially broader right to terminate a pregnancy than she does in most States today. At least with respect to the early state of pregnancy, and very possibly without such a limitation, the opportunity... to make this choice was present in this country well into the 19th century. Even later, the law continued for some time to treat less punitively an abortion procured in early pregnancy....
What is Sandel's response to the questions asked in the article about Muscle-enhancing?
It might be argued that a genetically enhanced athlete, like a drug-enhanced athlete, would have an unfair advantage over his un-enhanced competitors.
When did women have more access to getting abortions?
From a historical perspective, women had more access to getting abortions than in 1950s.
What is reason for the objection of religious?
Life as such is good. Separation of church and state We should not reject because of religion
What is the first reason that human cloning is not persuasive?
First, it wrongly implies that absent a designing parent, children are free to choose their characteristics for themselves. But one of us chooses his genetic inheritance.
What gives us the right to have an abortion?
The right to privacy and the right to liberty.
What is the second qualification on the meaning of procreative liberty?
The second qualification is that not everything that occurs in and around procreation falls within liberty interests that are distinctively procreative. Thus whether the father may be present during childbirth, whether midwives may assist birth, or whether childbirth may occur at home rather than in a hospital may be important for the parties involved, but they do not implicate the freedom to reproduce (unless one could show that the place or mode of birth would determine whether birth occurs at all). Similarly, questions about a pregnant woman's drug use or other conduct during pregnancy.... implicates liberty in the course of reproduction but not procreative liberty in the basic sense...
Which law did not fail for abortion?
The state should protect prenatal life.
How many clinics were in 2001 and now?
There were 6 clinics in 2001, and now there are only 3 in Alabama.
What if no one values the fetus?
There will always be pro-lifers that are anti-abortion that values ALL Fetuses.
What are the arguments of Physician Assistant Suicide?
-it will become rampant - negatively affect the poor - negatively impact minorities -hospice care will decline -it will lead to voluntarily active euthanasia
William Paley's Argument for Intelligent Design
1) A pocket watch was intelligently designed because of the complexity and intricacies of the watch. 2) A pocket watch is like the universe in so far as both are complex and intricate 3) So, the universe was intelligently designed because of the complexity and intricacies of the universe.
What is the conclusion of the Philosophers' Brief?
A state may not deny the liberty claimed by the patient=plaintiffs in these cases without providing them an opportunity to demonstrate, in whatever way the state might reasonably think wise and necessary, that the conviction they expressed for an early death is competent, rational, informed, stable, and uncoerced.
Why would designer children never be fully free?
According to this argument of autonomy, genetic enhancements for musical talent, say, or athletic prowess, would point children toward particular choices, and so designer children would never be fully free.
What is the State's answer to the compelling point?
After the first trimester, the baby is able to live without medical knowledge.
What is the abortion Law Of Alabama?
After you get the information from the clinic, you have to wait 48 hours to go back and get the abortion. Last year it was 24 hours. In Alabama, you have to get an ultrasound and have the opportunity to look at it.
It is difficult to account for what we admire about human activity and achievement without drawing upon some version of this idea... Why?
Consider two types of athletic achievement. We appreciate players like Pete Rose, who are not blessed with great natural gifts but who manage, through striving, grit, and determination, to excel in their sport. But we also admire players like Joe DiMaggio, who display natural gifts with grace and effortlessness. Now, suppose we learned that both players took performance-enhancing drugs. Whose turn to drugs would we find more deeply disillusioning? which aspect of the athletic ideal- effort or gift- would be more deeply offended?
Marquis claims that ______ is okay?
Contraception
Conceptions of a minimally satisfying life vary tremendously among societies and also within them... such as?
De rigeur is some circles are private music lessons and trips to Europe, while in others providing either years of schooling is a major accomplishment.
Our Constitution forbids government to impose what convictions on its citizens?
Denying that opportunity to terminally ill patients who are in agonizing pain or otherwise doomed to an existence they regard as intolerable could only by justified on the basis of a religious or ethical conviction about the value or meaning of life itself.
What is one of the distinct prongs of PAS and euthanasia?
First, there is the claim of autonomy, that all of us possess a right to self-determination in matters profoundly touching on such religious themes as life, death, and the meaning of suffering. Just as we should each be free to make important choices bearing on how we shall live our own lives, so we should be equally free in choosing the time and manner of our deaths. For some, more life will always be welcome as a gift or perhaps even as a test of faith, but for others, continued life signifies only disguising suffering and the unrelenting loss of everything that invested their lives with meaning and dignity.
What is Marquis' basic premise?
For Marquis, the wrong making feature (the key component that makes something wrong) of murder or killing is the loss of a future like ours. It is wrong to kill x, if x has a future like ours.
What is welcome as a blessed relief for patients that are extremely suffering?
For patients suffering from the final ravages of end-stage AIDS or cancer, a doctor's lethal prescription or injection can be, and often is, welcomed as a blessed relief. Accordingly, we should treat human beings at least as well as we treat grievously ill or injured animals by putting them, at their own request, out of their misery.
What is the definition for egg donation?
Egg donation is the process of selecting and retrieving eggs, or donor oocytes, from an egg donor and placing them into the recipient's uterus during IVF treatment.
The data of from Oregon says all of the arguments of P.A.S are true
FALSE, The data of from Oregon says NONE of the arguments of P.A.S are true
Doctors are relieving pain, so we shouldn't have the right for PAS
FALSE, doctors aren't relieving pain, so the patient should have the right for Physician Assistant Suicide
Thompson article gives a general answer to the question of the immorality of abortion
False
Thompson assumes that the fetus is not a person at the moment of conception
False
Marquis' defense of the immorality of abortion relies on a person account
False- future like ours
A negative right is the right for others to help you even against their wish
False- no one has the right to help you
According to Robertson, everyone-even unfit parents- have procreative liberty
False. - down's
before first trimester=
Federal Law
Example of Thomson argument
If the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a window to air it, and a burglar climbs in, it would be absurd to say, "Ah, now he can stay, she's given him a right to the use of her house- for she is partially responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars burgle." It would still be more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars. It remains equally absurd if we imagine it is not a burglar who climbs in, but an innocent person who blunders or falls in. Again, suppose it were like this: people-seeds drift about in the air like pollen, and if you open your windows, one may drift in and take root in your carpets or upholstery. You don't want children, so you fix up your windows with fine mesh screens, the very best you can buy. As can happen, however, and on very, very rare occasions does happen, one of the screens is defective; and a seed drifts in and takes root. Does the person-plant who now develops have a right to the use of your house? Surely not- despite the fact that you voluntarily opened your windows, you knowingly kept carpets and upholstered furniture, and you know that screens were sometimes defective. Someone may argue that you are responsible for its rooting, that it does have a right to your house, because after all you could have lived out your life with bare floors and furniture, or with sealed windows and doors. But this won't do - for by the same token anyone can avoid a pregnancy due to rape by having a hysterectomy, or anyway by never leaving home without a (reliable!) army.
What did the Court explain in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?
If theres is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official.... can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.
What is Argument from Autonomy?
If you genetical enhance your child tone an athlete, you are limiting the autonomy of the child becoming an athlete.
What is an example of a non-personhood account?
If you know the fetus is going to die two days after birth, then you have the moral right to have an abortion.
How many patients had health care insurance?
In 2009, 98.7% of patients had some form of health care insurance.
Indeed, if autonomy is crucial, the requirement of unbearable suffering would appear to be entirely subjective. Who is to say, other than the patient herself, how much suffering is too much?
Likewise, the requirement of terminal illness seems an arbitrary standard against which to judge patients' own subjective evaluation of they quality of life. If my life is no longer worth living, why should a terminally ill cancer patient be granted PAS but not me, merely because my suffering is due to my "nonterminal" artertio-lateral sclerosis ("ALS") or intractable psychiatric disorder?
What is the violinist's case?
It sounds plausible. But now let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist's circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, "Look, we're sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you- we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it's only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you." Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation? No doubt it would be very nice of you if you did, a great kindness. But do you have to accede to it? What if it were not nine months, but nine years? or longer still? What if the director of the hospital says, "Tough luck, I agree, but you've now got to stay in bed, with the violinist plugged into you, for the rest of your life. Because remember this. All persons have a right to life, and violinists are persons. Granted you have a right to decide what happens in and to your body, but a person's right to life outweighs your right to decide what happens in and to your body. So you cannot ever by unplugged from him.
What is the purpose of Marquis's essay?
It to set out an argument for the serious presumptive wrongness of abortion subject to the assumption that the moral permissibility of abortion stands or falls on the moral status of the fetus. Since a fetus possessed a property, the possession of which in adult human beings is sufficient to make killing an adult human begin wrong. abortion is wrong. This way of dealing with the problem of abortion seems superior to other approaches to the ethics of abortion, because it rests on an ethics of killing which is close to self-evident, because the crucial morally relevant property clearly applies to fetuses, and because the argument avoids the usual equivocations on 'human life,' 'human being,' or 'person.' The argument rests neither on religious claims nor on Papal dogma. It is not subject to the objection of "speciesism." Its soundness is compatible with the moral permissibility of euthanasia and contraception. It deals with our intuitions concerning young children.
Who made the statement, "Not everything in life is for sale, nor should it be"
Judge Brown
What was the date of the birth of the first test tube baby?
July 25, 1978
What would a blanket prohibition involve?
Just as a blanket's prohibition on abortion would involve the improper imposition of one conception of the meaning and value of human existence on all individuals, so too would a blanket prohibition on assisted suicide.
What would happen if PAS was legalized?
Legalizing PAS, while continuing to ban active euthanasia, would serve only to discriminate unfairly against patients who are suffering and wish to end their lives, but cannot do so because of some physical impairment.
What is Thomson's Objections?
The People-seeds example is not a "real-world" example. Its an a thought experiment.
Where does many objection come from?
The Slippery Slope
What are the factors the woman and her responsible physicians will consider in consultation?
The detriment that the State would impose upon the pregnant woman by denying this choice altogether is apparent. Specific and direct harm medically diagnosable even in the early pregnancy may be involved. Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. This is also the distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. All these are factors the woman and her responsible physician necessarily will consider in consultation.
What is a pro-common life rights argument?
The fetus is a person, the person has a right, the fetus has rights. So it should live.
The claim that the primary wrong-making feature of killing is the loss to the victim of the value of its future has obvious consequences for the ethics of abortion such as what?
The future of a standard fetus includes a set of experiences, projects, activities, and such which are identical with the futures of adult human human begins and are identical with the futures of young children. Since the reason that is sufficient to explain why it is wrong to kill human beings after the time of birth is a reason that also applies to fetuses, it follows that abortion is prima facie seriously morally wrong.
What do we owe a possible child?
a minimally satisfying life
What does Watson argue for?
a new kind of eugenics-- where parents are allowed to choose the DNA of their children- to make them healthier, more intelligent, even better looking.
What is Huntington's disease?
an autosomal dominant disease, meaning that it is caused by a single defective gene located on a non-sex chromosome. It is passed from one generation to the next via affected individuals. Each child of such an affected person has a fifty percent risks of inheriting the gene and thus of eventually developing the disease, even if he or she was born before the parent's disease was evident.
According to Cruzan argument, a state has what?
an independent justification for forbidding doctors to assist in suicide that it does not have for forbidding them to remove life support. In the former case though not the latter, it is said, the states forbids an act of killing that is morally much more problematic than merely letting a patient die.