BIOL 1001 EXAM 1

A(n) ___ is a small, hollow strand of the protein tubulin that enables movement of cell structures and is a major component of cilia and flagella.

microtubule

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

How are the jobs of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast related?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both convert energy from some other form into ATP.

What is the purpose of mitochondria?

Mitochondria produce ATP using the energy in food.

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA (nucleic acid)

Which statement best describes the relationship between RNA and DNA?

RNA is a temporary copy of DNA that is used to make proteins.

A scientist is studying the metabolism of proteins in yeast and wants to follow the formation of proteins from the earliest possible point. In her experiment, she will feed the yeast radioactive nutrients and follow the fate of the radioactivity in the cells. Which of the following atoms will allow her to exclusively follow proteins in the cell?

Radioactive sulfur

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

What activity occurs in the nucleolus?

Ribosomes are created in the nucleolus.

What is the purpose of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Short term energy storage

Which kingdoms have examples of organisms that can perform photosynthesis?

bacteria, plants, and protists

Why is the linking of two monomers called "dehydration synthesis"?

because the atoms removed from the monomers combine to form water

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

lipid manufacture

Which of the components of the cytoskeleton is much more important to animal cells than to plant cells?

microfilaments*

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

cellulose

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

What is the difference between cytoplasm and the cytosol?

The cytoplasm includes the cytosol and also some structures.

What is specific heat?

The energy necessary to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C

Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

amino acid

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

Proteins are polymers of _____

amino acids

An ionic bond involves _____.

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.

are different ions

You are talking with a friend about why sports teams win more often when playing home games. Your friend says, "I have a theory about that." How would a proper scientist say this phrase?

"I have a hypothesis about that."

Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

# of protons equals # of electrons

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

10 Atomic mass = protons + neutrons (19-9 = 10).

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

100

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

2

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5'

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?

5

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

6 atomic number = # of protons

About how many people die in the U.S. each year from hospital-acquired infections?

99,000

Which of these scenarios is the best example of natural selection?

A population of moths has a mottled grey and black camouflage to hide from birds. This camouflage matches the color of the tree bark in the area. An industrial complex is built nearby and pollution darkens the tree bark. After several generations, the moths are almost completely black.

Because the specific heat of land is less than the specific heat of water, which of the following should be true?

After a warm day, the land will cool down quickly, but the water will take longer to cool down.

You are watching a street performer do card tricks. Without looking, he is identifying the card chosen by a volunteer from the audience. When a child nearby asks, "How did you do that?" the performer replies, "By magic!" What principle of scientific inquiry does this answer violate?

All events can be traced to natural causes.

What feature is common in all cells?

All have a plasma membrane

secondary structures

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are characteristic of a protein's secondary structure.

How are amino acids connected to form a polypeptide chain?

Amino acids are connected by a peptide bond during a dehydration synthesis reaction.

How many covalent bonds can an atom usually make?

An atom can make a maximum of four bonds, with each bond consisting of a pair of electrons.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between domains?

Bacteria and Archae are both mostly unicellular.

Which of the following is true?

Bacteria can mutate within the human body.

Which of the statements below would NOT be valid in supporting the endosymbiont hypothesis (as it pertains to mitochondria and chloroplasts)?

Both have identical DNA contained within them and perform the same functions. Valid: Both have a double membrane; the outer possibly coming from the host cell and the inner from the guest cell. Both have enzymes to synthesize ATP. Both possess DNA and ribosomes. Both are about the size of prokaryotic cells (1""5 micrometers in diameter).

What is similar about exporting proteins from a cell and digesting food particles within a cell?

Both processes involve the formation of vesicles.

How are ionic and covalent bonds related?

Both result in a full outer shell

What makes carbohydrates different from other organic molecules?

Carbohydrates contain a large number of oxygen atoms when compared to other groups of organic molecules.

What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids?

Carbohydrates have mostly polar bonds and lipids do not.

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

Cilia are much shorter than flagella.

What is one way in which RNA is different from DNA?

DNA is double-stranded and RNA is not.

What is the most specific function of DNA?

DNA provides the blueprints for making proteins.

How do atoms respond when they absorb energy?

Electrons move to a higher orbital.

To what domain do you belong?

Eukarya

If two populations of the same species live in different environments for a long time, what will likely occur?

Evolution can result in enough differences between the populations that they can't interbreed. If natural selection favors enough different adaptations in each population, a new species can be formed.

How does the process of evolution take place?

Evolution results from natural selection preserving mutations that result in adaptations of a species to the environment.

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

FOUR....HYDROGEN

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

Evolution is often described as "survival of the fittest." How would a biologist best measure fitness from the perspective of evolution?

Fitness is best measured by the number of offspring. The more offspring an organism has, the more its genes will be represented in the next generation.

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

A scientist examines an organism and finds that it is eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multi-cellular, and it absorbs food molecules. Which kingdom will she likely place the organism in?

Fungi

Which other kingdom is most similar to the Kingdom Animalia in characteristics?

Fungi

How are DNA, chromosomes, and genes related?

Genes are segments of DNA that direct the formation of a specific characteristic. All of the DNA in an organism makes up the chromosomes.

Stores, modifies, and packages products of the ER

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus

Why are hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils unable to dissolve in watery solutions?

Hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar, so they can't form hydrogen bonds with water. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, excluding the hydrophobic molecules.

Your physics professor tells the class that she has recently disproven the theory of gravity. She claims that gravity has nothing to do with mass and is really a function of speed. Objects that are not moving relative to each other are attracted, but objects that are moving parallel to each other actually repel one another. To demonstrate, she holds a paper airplane level in her hand and releases it. It falls toward the ground. She then throws the airplane horizontally and the airplane turns upward, flying away from the ground. Once the airplane is flying directly upward, it rapidly stops and begins to fall. What do you as a good scientist do next?

I figure out a different hypothesis for why the plane flew upward.

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

In cellulose, the glucose monomers are assembled in an alternating pattern on different sides of the linked monomers, and the human digestive tract cannot break the bonds. In starch, the glucose monomers are not alternated and our digestive tract can break these bonds.

What is the eventual fate of all energy acquired by life?

It becomes heat.

Which of the following did scientists discover about Klebsiella pneumoniae?

It remains latent in the body for longer than originally thought.

Which of the following is a characteristic of life shown by a computer?

It responds to stimuli.

Unsaturated fats -

Liquid at room temp consists at least 1 DOUBLE bond olive oil, soybean oil

One night, while you're studying hard for a biology test, your dog begins barking at you. You wonder why she is barking, but then you remember that you haven't fed her tonight. You think, "Maybe she's hungry." If you are following the scientific method, what should you do next?

Make a prediction.

What is the difference between molecules and compounds?

Molecules may be made from the same type of atoms or different types of atoms. Compounds are molecules made from atoms of different elements.

Which of the following would have most likely prevented so many patient deaths from Klebsiella pneumoniae at this National Institutes of Health hospital?

More thorough disinfection techniques.

Think of all the structures that prokaryotic cells possess and those that they lack. What is the common feature of most of the missing structures?

Most of the missing structures are enclosed by a membrane. "as well as organelles"

How do the terms "natural selection" and "evolution" compare?

Natural selection is a force that causes evolution.

What is the difference between an organic compound and an inorganic compound?

Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic compounds don't.

What subatomic particle (s) can be found in the nucleus of the atom

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

You are a NASA scientist and have discovered an organism in outer space that contains its genetic material in the cytoplasm rather than in a nucleus and cannot perform photosynthesis. Given these characteristics, how might you classify this organism?

Prokaryote

In water, the chemicalHCO3 - acts as a buffer. In dry form, this chemical is often ionically bound to another element. Which of the following elements would be a good candidate for that element?

Sodium NA+

Which of the statements below is most correct about steroids?

Steroids can be good or bad for you, depending on the amount.

Coffee has a pH of 5.0. Stomach acid has a pH of 2.0. How does coffee compare to stomach acid?

Stomach acid is 1,000 times more acidic than coffee.

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Why are organic molecules so diverse compared to inorganic molecules?

The carbon molecules in an organic compound can create four bonds to other atoms.

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

How do the hydrogen bonds between water molecules compare to the covalent bonds within water molecules?

The hydrogen bonds are more easily broken than the covalent bonds.

Why does ice float?

The hydrogen bonds in solid water force the molecules farther apart from one another than the same bonds in liquid water.

Why is the nucleus considered the control center for the cell?

The nucleus controls which proteins are made and when.

All monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve in water. Why is this?

The oxygen in carbohydrates creates polar bonds.

How does water dissolve salt?

The partial positive charges of the hydrogen atoms on water surround the negative charge of a chlorine ion.

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the effects of mutation?

The process of mutation creates both helpful and harmful genetic variations in a species.

If you disrupted all of the hydrogen bonds in DNA, what would happen?

The two strands of the helix would separate.

Which of these statements about scientific theories is true?

Theories can be disproven by new evidence.

Why would a food manufacturer wish to use hydrogenated vegetable oils (trans fats) in food products like potato chips?

They are solid at room temperature, like saturated animal fats, and contain no cholesterol.

In what way are energy and nutrients similar?

They can both be eaten.

How would a chemist describe phospholipids?

They have a polar head and two nonpolar fatty-acid tails.

Consider a molecule formed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bound together. What properties might this molecule have?

This molecule would be nonpolar

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Unsaturated fats contain double and/or triple bonds.

Why does the process of sweating cool off the human body?

Water has a high heat of vaporization.

Glycogen is _____.

a polysaccharide found in animals

What is a nucleotide composed of?

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

What is a hydrogen bond?

a weak bond between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in a neighboring molecule

You are an epidemiologist specializing in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. For the best hope in saving a patient's life, you want to stop the infection before it gets where?

bloodstream

What elements would be found in a nucleotide?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen

Which of the following proteins is most like keratin?

cartilage, a protein that forms parts of the nose and ears

We usually compare all eukaryotic cells as a group to all prokaryotic cells. However, some types of eukaryotic cells have characteristics that are found in prokaryotic cells, but not found in other eukaryotic cells. What feature do plant cells share with prokaryotic cells, but not animal cells?

cell wall

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

Which of the following is structurally most similar to chitin?

cellulose, because it is made of similar monomers to chitin linked in an alternating pattern

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

chromatin

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton

What force holds a molecule of HCl together in an ionic bond?

electrical attraction

covalent bond

electron pairs are SHARED

Which of the following lists of terms is in the correct order of size, going from smallest to largest?

electron, proton, nucleus, atom, molecule

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

electronegativity

which part of the atom participates in a chemical bond?

electrons in the outer shell

In which scenario below will the electrons have the highest energy?

electrons in the outer shell of potassium The last electron of potassium occupies the high-energy fourth shell.

How do autotrophs acquire their energy?

from photosynthesis

In which of these cell types would you expect to find a membrane-bound nucleus?

fungal cell

___ is a starch-like molecule made up of many glucose (sugar) molecules bonded together.

glycogen

Which of these is a characteristic of all life?

growing

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

hydrogen

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis

Where is DNA found in cells?

in chromosomes

Where would you look to find cellulose?

in the cell wall of plants

When was the idea of "cell theory" developed?

in the middle 1800s

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

ionic Na+ Cl-

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

isotopes

A(n) ___is a membrane-bound cell structure that digests worn-out cellular material and foreign matter that enters the cell.

lysosome

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

You find a population of strange cells in a sample of pond water. You wish to determine first whether they are eukaryotic or prokaryotic. You look for a membrane-enclosed nucleus and don't see one, but sometimes the nucleus is hard to spot without staining. What else could you look for to determine which cell type this is?

membrane-bound organelles

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

microtubules

Which of the components of the cytoskeleton are used directly for movement of components inside of the cell?

microtubules and microfilaments

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

mitochondrion

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

mitochondrion

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

molecule

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate polymer?

monosaccharide

What is the most important single factor necessary for creating diversity of life?

mutation

Which of these atoms will be inert?

neon (10 electrons)

What is the most common type of bond in a lipid?

nonpolar covalent bonds ( C-C and C-H bonds)

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.

nucleolus

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ____ monomers.

nucleotide

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

The process of creating and exporting a protein requires many organelles. Which of the following lists these organelles in order?

nucleus, rough ER, vesicle, golgi apparatus, vesicle

What property of an atom determines which element it is?

number of protons

Which of the functions of a cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells and does not occur in prokaryotic cells?

organelle movement

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

Phosphate lipids:

phosphate group, glycerol, fatty acid tai;

What is responsible for giving the plasma membrane the ability to block most ions and polar compounds from crossing?

phospholipids

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

plasma membrane

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

Which cellular structure has the most in common with the nuclear envelope?

plasma membrane

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

polar

4. A protein is an example of a ______, a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits.

polymer

Cellulose is a______, a large carbohydrate molecule.

polysaccharide

If you strip away all hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges in a protein, what level of structure can the protein still form?

primary structure All other levels require either hydrogen bonds or hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.

The way in which two polypeptide chains come together in a protein result in that protein's ________ structure, the fourth level of protein organization.

quarternary

What level of protein structure is represented by a fully-functional molecule of hemoglobin?

quaternary structure

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes

Which of the following is present inside a prokaryotic cell?

ribosomes

Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell?

ribosomes

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which levels of structure are broken when a protein is denatured?

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

simple sugar

What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

single (nonpolar) bonds

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth ER

Where is calcium stored?

smooth ER

Saturated fats -

solid at room temp - linked to heart disease SINGLE bond butter, coconut oil, milk, cheese, fried foods

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

support and protection

Which of these is an example of maintaining homeostasis?

sweating in the sun

What is the fundamental structural unit of an element?

the atom

If electrons in water molecules were equally attracted to the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, how would this affect the polar covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?

the bonds would become less polar

Which part of a nucleotide provides the information in DNA that codes for proteins?

the nitrogenous base

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

Which of the following contributes the most toward the ability of water to form hydrogen bonds?

the polar nature of the water molecule

Where does the energy acquired by heterotrophs originate?

the sun

Which of these is a characteristic of life possessed by viruses?

they reproduce

Which level of organization is one step above cells?

tissues

Complete this analogy: Atoms are to molecules as

tissues are to organs.

What is the purpose of controls in an experiment?

to make sure that any change is due to only one variable.

A _____ is a lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

triglyceride

What is the chemical name for fats and oils?

triglycerides

Which of these effects results from the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and nothing else?

water having surface tension

Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleotides

water insoluble, nonpolar hydrocarbons CH, energy storage, primary components of cellular membranes water soluble, polar OH, energy source contain amino, carboxyl group, variable "R" group phosphate group, five carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base; energy carriers and intracell messengers, ATP

hydrophillic hydrophobic

water soluble, ions or polar molecules, sugars and amino acids water insoluble, uncharged and non-polar, fats and oils