BIOL 1103 EXAM 1

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Carbon makes up what precent of the body?

18.5%

oxygen makes up what percent of body?

65%

Causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

Solubility

A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature.

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

List the parts of science from smallest to biggest

Atoms, elements, molecules, macromolecules, cell

What makes elements organic?

Carbon

The primary genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.

DNA

Attracted to water, composed of a glycerol linked to phosphorus-containing molecule, POLAR

Hydrophilic head

NOT attracted to water, composed of carbon-hydrogen chains, NONPOLAR

Hydrophobic tail

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pseudoscience?

Initial observations give rise to a clear and measurable hypothesis that can be tested and is falsifiable.

Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions would NOT have helped Rick scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he began taking the herbal supplement?

Is this supplement all natural?

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

What are the parts of the scientific process?

Make an observation. Ask a question. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis. Test the prediction. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.

polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

Which of the following is an example of good/reputable source of secondary literature?

National Geographic

Examples of primary literature

Nature, ESA, etc.

Examples of secondary literature

New York Times, National Geographic, CNN

A scientist publishes a paper in a peer-reviewed journal; this paper is later retracted. Which of the following (if found to be true) is NOT a legitimate reason for the retraction?

Other researchers have published results from similar studies that appear to contradict the conclusions from the paper in question.

Which of the following statements about the process of science is NOT accurate?

Science can answer all questions regarding the human experience and personal values.

Based on the scientific evidence discussed in class and presented in Chapter 24 of Biology Now, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?

The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the control group in Dr. Blehert's experiment?

The control group was the group of 34 bats not exposed to the fungus but kept under the same environmental conditions as the 83 bats exposed to the fungus

Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.

The dependent variable in this experiment was development of WNS symptoms in the healthy bats.

Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the intentionally manipulated independent variable in Dr. Blehert's experiment?

The manipulated independent variable in this experiment was exposure to the fungus.

A newly discovered microscopic structure is hypothesized to be a living organism. Which of the following combinations of characteristics would best support this hypothesis?

The microscopic structures are single celled, contain replicating DNA, maintain a constant internal environment while responding to the external environment, and are reproducing by dividing into new cells.

bulk transport

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

Which of the following would NOT be a particularly negative consideration when regarding a researcher's possible bias?

The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he is making a scientific claim

Biology

The study of life

Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the treatment group in Dr. Blehert's experiment?

The treatment group was the 83 bats exposed to the fungus and kept under the same environmental conditions as the unexposed bats.

A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?

They can evolve as groups.

I scored an 80 percent or higher on my test every time I take a nap before the test.

This demonstrates a possible correlation between being rested and scoring well on a test. However, it does not strongly support a cause-effect relationship.

Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful?

Which movie should I watch this weekend?

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

Why is it so difficult to quit smoking?

A hypothesis can be supported, but no amount of testing can prove a hypothesis is correct with absolute certainty. Is this statement accurate?

Yes, because there may be other, unmeasured or unobserved reasons that influence the predictions made by the hypothesis

A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in the graph below. Was one of the treatments more lethal than the others?

Yes, the group of bats injected with the European fungus died off before any of the bats in the other two treatment groups.

Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago?

Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.

Psuedoscience

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

scientific claim

a statement about how the world works that can be tested using the scientific method

This transport requires energy

active transport

Questions with potential commercial applications, such as drug testing or fertilizer efficacy, are typically addressed with

applied research

General research that expands the fundamental knowledge base of science is commonly referred to as

basic research

fold into 3D shape to help them function as enzymes in chemical reactions

carbohydrates

include simple and complex sugars

carbohydrates

polymers of monosaccharides

carbohydrates

primary source of energy for cells (used first in cellular respiration)

carbohydrates

Scientific studies that compare patients with a disease to those without the disease are referred to as

case-control studies.

Observational studies typically point out correlations between aspects of the natural world, but they do not establish solid ________ relationships.

cause-effect

Misconceptions about the safety of vaccines have caused vaccination rates to steadily drop in the United States since the 1990s. This drop in vaccination rates has led to a steady increase in the number of outbreaks of formerly rarely encountered diseases and puts at risk

children who are too young to be vaccinated and people who are unable to receive a vaccine for other medical reasons.

The cell membrane

consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed some of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions.This method of manipulating one or more aspects of the natural world in a repeatable manner and with the intention of answering a specific question is called a(n)

controlled experiment.

Linking rising rates of autism with increased use of vaccines is suggesting a ________ between vaccines and autism.

correlation

needs help, larger, charged polar ions,

facilitated diffusion

A scientific hypothesis must be potentially ________. It must make predictions that can be clearly determined to be correct or incorrect.

falsifiable

What is needed for a cell to work?

food, nutrients, water, gases, monomers

Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to "prove" a hypothesis to be true. This is because

future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refutes the hypothesis.

To be considered living, a cell must

get energy from food, be able to grow and divide, and respond to its environment

Living organisms respond to both internal and external stimuli to maintain constant conditions inside of the organism. This state of steady conditions is known as

homeostasis

these cells love water

hydrophilic

these cells hate water

hydrophobic

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific

hypothesis

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

lipids

insulator and stores fat and energy

these cells are equal with water

isotonic

not true polymers

lipids

primarily hydrophobic

lipids

associate together to form the primarily hydrocarbon cell membrane

nucleic acids

monomers are nucleotides that each contain 1 of the 5 unique bases

nucleic acids

occur as either single-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA

nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

nucleic acids

Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by

observing a quantifiable natural phenomena.

What are the 4 main elements in the human body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

This transport does not require energy

passive transport

The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the ________ in which the work is examined by other leaders in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists.

peer-review process

How does the structure of a water molecule contribute to its unique properties?

polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density

Legitimate scientific research is typically first published in professional conference proceedings, dissertations, and peer-reviewed publications or professional journals that are considered

primary literature

are combinations of up to 20 unique amino acids

proteins

widely used throughout living organisms for a huge variety of functions

proteins

Protein

provide structural support, transport, enzymes, movement, and defense

When someone makes a statement about how the world works and this statement can be supported, or not, by the scientific method, this statement can be considered a(n) ________ claim.

scientific

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

If you have a basic understanding of scientific facts and theories, and (more importantly) of the process of science as a way of understanding the world and making decisions, you are considered

scientifically literate

no assistance needed, o2, co2,h2o

simple diffusion

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

When analyzing patterns in observational or experimental data, scientists use a special branch of mathematics to help them quantify the reliability of the data and determine how well any patterns support the hypothesis. This special branch of mathematics is known as

statistics

Carbohydrates

store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of structure of plant wall

Nucleic acids

stores and transmits genetic information

In science, a group of related hypotheses that have been confirmed time and again through many diverse lines of investigation by independent researchers are pulled together under a unifying

theory

organic

those obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals (contains carbon)

Examples of tertiary sources

twitter, facebook, etc,


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