BIOL 1103 EXAM 1
Carbon makes up what precent of the body?
18.5%
oxygen makes up what percent of body?
65%
Causation
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.
Solubility
A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature.
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
List the parts of science from smallest to biggest
Atoms, elements, molecules, macromolecules, cell
What makes elements organic?
Carbon
The primary genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.
DNA
Attracted to water, composed of a glycerol linked to phosphorus-containing molecule, POLAR
Hydrophilic head
NOT attracted to water, composed of carbon-hydrogen chains, NONPOLAR
Hydrophobic tail
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pseudoscience?
Initial observations give rise to a clear and measurable hypothesis that can be tested and is falsifiable.
Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions would NOT have helped Rick scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he began taking the herbal supplement?
Is this supplement all natural?
A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?
It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.
What are the parts of the scientific process?
Make an observation. Ask a question. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis. Test the prediction. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
polarity
Molecules having uneven distribution of charges
Which of the following is an example of good/reputable source of secondary literature?
National Geographic
Examples of primary literature
Nature, ESA, etc.
Examples of secondary literature
New York Times, National Geographic, CNN
A scientist publishes a paper in a peer-reviewed journal; this paper is later retracted. Which of the following (if found to be true) is NOT a legitimate reason for the retraction?
Other researchers have published results from similar studies that appear to contradict the conclusions from the paper in question.
Which of the following statements about the process of science is NOT accurate?
Science can answer all questions regarding the human experience and personal values.
Based on the scientific evidence discussed in class and presented in Chapter 24 of Biology Now, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?
The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.
Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the control group in Dr. Blehert's experiment?
The control group was the group of 34 bats not exposed to the fungus but kept under the same environmental conditions as the 83 bats exposed to the fungus
Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.
The dependent variable in this experiment was development of WNS symptoms in the healthy bats.
Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the intentionally manipulated independent variable in Dr. Blehert's experiment?
The manipulated independent variable in this experiment was exposure to the fungus.
A newly discovered microscopic structure is hypothesized to be a living organism. Which of the following combinations of characteristics would best support this hypothesis?
The microscopic structures are single celled, contain replicating DNA, maintain a constant internal environment while responding to the external environment, and are reproducing by dividing into new cells.
bulk transport
The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis
Which of the following would NOT be a particularly negative consideration when regarding a researcher's possible bias?
The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he is making a scientific claim
Biology
The study of life
Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS.What was the treatment group in Dr. Blehert's experiment?
The treatment group was the 83 bats exposed to the fungus and kept under the same environmental conditions as the unexposed bats.
A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?
They can evolve as groups.
I scored an 80 percent or higher on my test every time I take a nap before the test.
This demonstrates a possible correlation between being rested and scoring well on a test. However, it does not strongly support a cause-effect relationship.
Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful?
Which movie should I watch this weekend?
Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?
Why is it so difficult to quit smoking?
A hypothesis can be supported, but no amount of testing can prove a hypothesis is correct with absolute certainty. Is this statement accurate?
Yes, because there may be other, unmeasured or unobserved reasons that influence the predictions made by the hypothesis
A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in the graph below. Was one of the treatments more lethal than the others?
Yes, the group of bats injected with the European fungus died off before any of the bats in the other two treatment groups.
Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago?
Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.
Psuedoscience
a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.
scientific claim
a statement about how the world works that can be tested using the scientific method
This transport requires energy
active transport
Questions with potential commercial applications, such as drug testing or fertilizer efficacy, are typically addressed with
applied research
General research that expands the fundamental knowledge base of science is commonly referred to as
basic research
fold into 3D shape to help them function as enzymes in chemical reactions
carbohydrates
include simple and complex sugars
carbohydrates
polymers of monosaccharides
carbohydrates
primary source of energy for cells (used first in cellular respiration)
carbohydrates
Scientific studies that compare patients with a disease to those without the disease are referred to as
case-control studies.
Observational studies typically point out correlations between aspects of the natural world, but they do not establish solid ________ relationships.
cause-effect
Misconceptions about the safety of vaccines have caused vaccination rates to steadily drop in the United States since the 1990s. This drop in vaccination rates has led to a steady increase in the number of outbreaks of formerly rarely encountered diseases and puts at risk
children who are too young to be vaccinated and people who are unable to receive a vaccine for other medical reasons.
The cell membrane
consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
Consider the following study to review the important components of experimental design.Dr. Blehert took healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed some of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but were otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions.This method of manipulating one or more aspects of the natural world in a repeatable manner and with the intention of answering a specific question is called a(n)
controlled experiment.
Linking rising rates of autism with increased use of vaccines is suggesting a ________ between vaccines and autism.
correlation
needs help, larger, charged polar ions,
facilitated diffusion
A scientific hypothesis must be potentially ________. It must make predictions that can be clearly determined to be correct or incorrect.
falsifiable
What is needed for a cell to work?
food, nutrients, water, gases, monomers
Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to "prove" a hypothesis to be true. This is because
future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refutes the hypothesis.
To be considered living, a cell must
get energy from food, be able to grow and divide, and respond to its environment
Living organisms respond to both internal and external stimuli to maintain constant conditions inside of the organism. This state of steady conditions is known as
homeostasis
these cells love water
hydrophilic
these cells hate water
hydrophobic
When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific
hypothesis
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
lipids
insulator and stores fat and energy
these cells are equal with water
isotonic
not true polymers
lipids
primarily hydrophobic
lipids
associate together to form the primarily hydrocarbon cell membrane
nucleic acids
monomers are nucleotides that each contain 1 of the 5 unique bases
nucleic acids
occur as either single-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA
nucleic acids
store and transmit genetic information
nucleic acids
Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by
observing a quantifiable natural phenomena.
What are the 4 main elements in the human body?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
This transport does not require energy
passive transport
The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the ________ in which the work is examined by other leaders in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists.
peer-review process
How does the structure of a water molecule contribute to its unique properties?
polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density
Legitimate scientific research is typically first published in professional conference proceedings, dissertations, and peer-reviewed publications or professional journals that are considered
primary literature
are combinations of up to 20 unique amino acids
proteins
widely used throughout living organisms for a huge variety of functions
proteins
Protein
provide structural support, transport, enzymes, movement, and defense
When someone makes a statement about how the world works and this statement can be supported, or not, by the scientific method, this statement can be considered a(n) ________ claim.
scientific
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
If you have a basic understanding of scientific facts and theories, and (more importantly) of the process of science as a way of understanding the world and making decisions, you are considered
scientifically literate
no assistance needed, o2, co2,h2o
simple diffusion
Atoms
smallest unit of matter
When analyzing patterns in observational or experimental data, scientists use a special branch of mathematics to help them quantify the reliability of the data and determine how well any patterns support the hypothesis. This special branch of mathematics is known as
statistics
Carbohydrates
store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of structure of plant wall
Nucleic acids
stores and transmits genetic information
In science, a group of related hypotheses that have been confirmed time and again through many diverse lines of investigation by independent researchers are pulled together under a unifying
theory
organic
those obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals (contains carbon)
Examples of tertiary sources
twitter, facebook, etc,
