BIOL 1110 Unit 3 Study Set
Dikaryotic
Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.
Fungal Life Cycle: Basidiomycetes, Sexual Portion
Two haploid mycelia of - and + strains grow towards each other and fuse with plasmogamy. This forms a dikaryotic mycelium with two nuclei. This grows into a mushroom (dikaryotic and haploid), also known as a basidiocarp. This basidiocarp has gills/fold under it where the basidia form. The basidia has two separate nuclei that fuse with karyogamy to form diploid nuclei. This then goes through meiosis to split into four haploid basidiospores. These basidiospores then disperse and germinate. - Can recognize: a basidium has four basidiospore ends attached
Fungal Life Cycle: Zygomycetes, Sexual Portion
Two strains of hyphae, + and -, touch each other and form gametangia with haploid nuclei, which are then fused together with plasmogamy. The young zygosporangium (in a heterokaryotic stage) form zygosporangium that then goes through karyogamy to produce the diploid zygote. To get spores, the zygote goes through meiosis and these spores can then germinate and disperse to make more fungi/spores
Plant tissue types: Vascular
Vascular tissue (transports): composed of xylem (moves water/minerals around the plant) and phloem (moves the products of photosynthesis around the plant) ----Cell types often grouped into vascular bundles
Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
What is a meristem? Where are primary meristems and lateral meristems?
- A meristem is a region of pant tissue that consists of actively dividing cells forming new tissue - Primary meristems are elongated, partially differentiated cells that consist of the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium - Lateral meristems consist of the vascular cambium and cork cambium that appears below to cork ----The vascular cambium adds new cells here, adding xylem to the inside of the ring and phloem to the outside of the ring ----The cork cambium produces a tough, thick covering that protects from water loss and injury
Absorption vs consumption
- Absorption is done using some kind of body plan, like hyphae in fungi, and does not necessarily kill the food source - Consumption is done with accessory organs, like a tongue, and usually kills the food source
What are some hurdles plants face in terms of surviving on land?
- Acquiring minerals and water when further from land - Staying upright - Maintaining moisture during droughts - Reproducing when, before, water was needed
What are seeds?
- An embryo, packed with nutrients, that can be cast away from the parent plant and survive extended periods of time, germinating only when conditions are appropriate - In Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
How does water move in xylem?
- CO2 enter through stomata, water transported from roots to shoot via xylem; use negative pressure movement/transpiration and cohesive/adhesive nature of water to pull it up -----Cohesion of water molecules and adhesion to xylem cells - Both minerals and water move through xylem to start photosynthesis, the photosynthate produced is transported via phloem - Can't drown roots because they need to be able to pick up CO2 and O2 in order to conduct cellular respiration (some exchange of CO2/O2 at roots)
Basic forms of Lichen
- Crustose: encrusting lichens; often seen on rocks; when broken down can leave behind soil for things to grow on; grow best in sun with water - Foliose: leaflike lichen; are flat and grow on trees - Fruticose: shrublike lichen; often grow on trees; most affected by pollution
What are fruits and why are they effective?
- Fruits: develop from ovules after fertilization; have a variety of structure but all protect and help distribute the seeds that are held inside - Receptacle can also become fruit - Ovary can become seed to disperse to more places
Gametangia? Antheridia? Archegonia? Sporangium? Megasporangium (megaspore)? Microsporangium (microspore)? Eggs? Sperm?
- Gametangia: where gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced - Antheridia: sperm-producing gametangia - Archegonia: egg-producing gametangia - Sporangium: where haploid spored are produced - Megasporangium (megaspore): give rise to female gametophytes in seed plants - Microsporangium (microspore): give rise to male gametophytes in seed plants - Eggs: female gamete - Sperm: male gamete
What is the ploidy level of the gamete, spore, sporophyte, gametophyte, zygote?
- Gamete: haploid - Spore: haploid - Sporophyte: diploid - Gametophyte: haploid - Zygote: diploid
How are stomata regulated?
- Guard cells surround the stomata to reduce water loss, but these cells are regulated by turgor pressure (amount of water in the cells) -----This allows them to open and close to regulate transpiration rates ------If the plant has adequate water, the cells become turgid (tight) and open the stomata for gas exchange and resulting transpiration -------When water is limited, they become flaccid and close, this cutting off the stomata and limits both gas exchange and transpiration; close to not loose anymore water
What are gymnosperms and the major phyla?
- Gymnosperms: are "naked" seed plants and typically have cones; have one integument - Phylum Ginkgophyta: only one species, retain flagellated sperm, separate male and female parts - Phylum Cycadophyta: mostly tropical and threatened, retain flagellated sperm - Phylum Gnetophyta: only three genera in this group, tropical or desert dwellers -----Welwitchia can live for 1000s of years in the deserts of southwest Africa and have the largest leaves of all plants - Phylum Coniferophyta: most diverse group of gymnosperms, mostly evergreen, often woody cones
homospory vs heterospory
- Homospory: produce one type of spore - Heterospory: produce two types of spores
Transmembrane transport routes
- Hybrid, goes out of cytosol, passes through the plasma membrane, then passes back through it into the cytosol again, before repeating this - Goes though the symplast, then the apoplast, then symplast, then apoplast etc. - Move from membrane of one cell, through cell wall, to another cell - Takes the longest but is the most regulated
Anatomy of leaf and types of tissues/cells in the leaf
- Includes the petiole (attaches leaf to stem) and the blade (where photosynthesis happens) - Palisade mesophyll under the upper epidermis that is primarily responsible for photosynthesis - Spongy mesophyll below the palisade mesophyll that is for the transport fo the bundle sheath cells of the vascular tissue - Vascular tissue: xylem (moves water) and phloem (moves photosynthate) - Leaves are reinforced by sclerenchyma cells (fibers) - Most stomata underneath leaves for shade (get maximum CO2 and lose least amount of water)
Indeterminate vs determinant growth
- Indeterminate growth: grow throughout their existence - Determinant growth: grow to a certain size and stop
Secondary growth and woodiness in gymnosperm and angiosperms
- Large amounts of secondary growth that lead to woodiness are usually only seen in gymnosperms and eudicots of angiosperms -----Termed the vascular cambium and the cork cambium - Secondary growth here produces wood/woody tissue - Can determine the age of woody stems based on the patterning in the secondary xylem -----This xylem, since it is dead tissue, provides the structural support of the larger stem -----Distinct rings then appear based on growth cycles (drought equals small rings while lost of rain equal larger rings)
Lichen definition
- Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae - are ascomycetes (have ascocarp of fungus) but some are basidiomycetes - can photosynthesize, unlike fungi - when fungi and algae combine, the fungi get nutrients while the algae gets a habitat
how do minerals move in the phloem?
- Load the phloem and follows a concentration gradient to move phloem around, use a positive pressure (pulls water in, end up with bulk flow) --- Use a negative pressure when moving water (xylem)
What is the difference between male and female flowers?
- Male flowers produce pollen from their stamens (anther + filament) while female flowers have well-developed ovary with stigmas in the center to collect the pollen -----Female flowers do not produce functional pollen
Other characteristics of plants
- Multicellular, dependent embryos: the zygote undergoes development into a multicellular embryo ----Embryo is protected by parent tissues from the environment ----Term embryophytes used to describe plants because of this - Walled spores produced in sporangia: plant spores are haploid reproductive stuctures -----Spores (haploid) are produced in sporangia or sporophytes from diploid cells called sporocytes (spore mother cells) -----Spores have sporopollenin (protective protein) filled walls to protect them somewhat from the environment - Multicellular gametangia: gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced in gametangia that are part of the gametophyte (haploid) stage of the life cycle of plants -----Egg producing gametangia are call archegonia ------Sperm producing gametangia are called antheridia - Plants also have apical meristems, cuticles, and stomata that are regulated by guard cells
What are ovules?
- Ovules: the integument with the megasporangium containing the megaspore; is necessary for seeded plants - These develop into seeds - this leads to protection and good on land
What is pollen?
- Pollen: derived from the microspore and consists of the male gametophyte and a pollen wall - The male gametophyte is inside the pollen grain and is protected by sporopollenin in the spore wall - Can be dispersed by wind, cross-pollinate with far away plants; grow into female gametophyte, so no more need for water for reproduction
Defining characteristics of fungi
- Primarily decomposers: sustain themselves on decaying matter through absorption via their hyphae - Heterotrophic - spend most of their life haploid (diploid portion of life cycle is reduced) - multicellular - cell walls with chitin reproduce by spores (sexually and asexually)
Fairy rings
- seen after rainstorm - original spore in center, where mycelium grows out to cause a ring - if continue to grow, would grow on the outside of the ring - wind can blow spores further - fruiting body on outside of ring, oldest mycelium on inside
Plant organ system and how they may be modified to meet the needs of plant survival
- Roots help with acquiring minerals and water, as well as storage and support -----Fibrous roots are made up of lateral roots that have lots of branching to cover a lot of area ------Tap roots grow vertically down in the ground to take advantage of deeper water sources, which is helpful during droughts - Stems modify to maximize support, photosynthesis, storage, and asexual reproduction - Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ of the plant -----Their vascular bundles help deliver water and transport photosynthate elsewhere in the plant ----Tendrils for climbing and thorns for protection ------Stomata for the exchange of gases
What are some ways hyphae specialize to meet nutritional requirements?
- Some hyphae trap and hold on to organisms until they die, the absorb them - Some hyphae form arbuscules that enter into living cells and acquire nutrients - Ectomycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients with the roots of plants and effectively increase the absorption area of plants (association with a plant group) ---This mutualistic relationship helps both the fungus and plant
What are apical meristems?
- The highly mitotic areas where plants grow from their tips - These tips can be at the top of the plant or at the root
How do stomata regulate transpiration?
- Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the stomata at leaf surfaces - Guard cells surround the stomata and is one of the best mechanisms for reducing water loss
How does transpiration "pull" water through the plant?
- Transpiration provides the force necessary to move water throughout the plant but maximizing on the cohesion and adhesive nature of water to pull water from where it is absorbed in the roots, up through the entire plant - When moving water, run risk of drying plant out, so regulated by guard cells
Vascular plants vs Non-vascular plants
- Vascular plants have vascular tissue, which is a "plumbing" system in which water is conveyed to the photosynthetic organs -----This is needed as plants get larger and farther from water sources - Non-vascular plants include Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta ------These plants have no true roots or leaves, are gametophyte dominant and sporophyte dependent, have no seeds, and have no vascular systems
What is a sugar sink?
- Where photosynthate ultimately moves to - A sugar sink is any number of storage tissues in a plant
Examples of fungal diseases that are economically important
- White Nose in eastern bats; important since bats are important for insect control -Ringworm/Athlete's Foot: can be life-threatening - Fungal infections from environmental problems like pollution ----Led to decline in amphibians since they are sensitive to changes in environment
Characteristics of Zygomycetes/Mucoromycetes
- bread molds - all form zygospores inside zygosporangium - when conditions are favorable (on your bread/shower), they generally go through asexual reproduction and form lots of haploid spores (black/blue stuff we see - When conditions are rough, sexual reproduction is done since genetic diversity is needed - Zygosporangia are very resilient and can withstand adverse conditions
Characteristics of Ascomycetes
- can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (morels) - defined by producing ascospores in asci, which look like little sacks, so this leads to an additional name of sac fungi for this type - the fruiting body of the ascomycetes is the ascocarp, which contain the asci - asexual reproduction results in the production of condiophores and conidia (asexual spores)
Apoplastic transport routes
- minerals move through the apolast that consists of everything external to the cell membrane including the cell wall and any extracellular matrix -The fastests and least amount of regulation
Symplastic transport routes
- minerals move through the symplast that involves moving via cytoplasm, through the plasma membrane, or using the plasmodesmata - May be slower but allows regulation of material as they pass - In the middle of apoplastic and transmembrane in terms of speed and regulation
Characteristics of Basidiomycetes
- mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, oyster fungi - commonly consumed by humans but some can be very toxic - noted by the basidiocarp, gills, basidia, and basiciospore - spend most of their life cycle as dikaryotic (n+n) mycelium
Basic resources a plant needs + how they get them
- need: carbon dioxide, water, light, and various minerals to survive, but also lose water and give off oxygen - procure these resources from multiple sources, including sunlight, the atmosphere, and the ground
What is the importance of woody stem anatomy to various industries?
- the lumber industry depends heavily on heartwood (inside of tree) for furntiture and builds -----it is tightly packed cells that are straight in growth, so won't twist or bend when dried out - the paper industry depends on sapwood, which surrounds the heartwood -----it is softer and more flexible, which make its good for paper products - however, we cannot grow heartwood quickly since it works better the older the tree is
Fungal Life Cycle: Zygomycetes, Asexual Portion
- the zygosporangia germinate, undergo karyogamy, undergo meiosis, form a sporangium and produce haploid spores - lots of haploid spores are produced with favorable conditions (black/blue stuff on bread)
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
16
General Fungal Life Cycle: Sexual Portion
2 strains of mycelum, a + and -, from different fungi fuse together with plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and enter into a Heterokaryotic/Dikaryotic stage. The haploids/nuclei then fuse with Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) to produce a diploid zygote. This then gets back to haploid through meiosis to produce haploid spores. Now, this spore can go through germination to make more fungi
General Fungal Life Cycle: Asexual Portion
A + or - strain of mycelium is implemented into a spore-producing structure to produce spores. These spores then go through germination to produce another, identical strain of mycelium
Fungal Life Cycle: Ascomycetes, Sexual Portion
A + strain combines with a - strain (Conidia) and goes through plasmogamy to become the Ascus with dikaryotic hyphae. This has two unique nuclei which then fuse with karyogamy to produce a diploid nucleus/zygote. This zygote then goes through meiosis and then mitosis to get 8 ascospores. These haploid ascospores are held in the asci, which are held in the ascocarp (sac in a sac). The ascospores then disperse and germinate to go through either asexual or sexual reproduction again
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
Heterokaryon
A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell.
Alternation of generations
A plant's life cycle alternates between a gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation; or a sexual phase and an asexual phase
Spores
Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.
Phleom
Carries food and other material both up and down the plant
Plant cells characteristics
Cell wall: has a cell wall of cellulose/lignin Vacuoles: large and prominent Plastids: chloroplasts Shape: often rigid Cytokinesis: phragmoplast divides cells Food storage: starch
Animal cells characteristics
Cell wall: no cell walls Vacuoles: small Plastids: none Shape: not rigid Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow divides cells Food storage: glycogen
What is an angiosperm?
Characteristics: seeds contained in fruits and reproductive structures called flowers, vascular tissue, sporophyte dominant, only one single phylum called Anthophyta
Plant tissue types: Dermal
Dermal tissue (covers): provides the outer covering of the plant and makes up the epidermis, produced the cuticle, forms guard cells to regulate stomata, and may form hair-like structures for shading and reduction of water loss called trichomes
monocots
Embryos: one cotyledon Leaf venation: veins usually parallel (one leaf) Stems: vascular tissue scattered Roots: fibrous root system (no main root) Pollen: pollen grain with one opening Flowers: floral organs usually in multiples of three
euidicots
Embryos: two cotyledons Leaf venation: veins usually netlike (more than one leaf) Stems: vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Roots: taproot system (main root usually present) Pollen: pollen grain with three openings Flowers: floral organs usually in multiples of four or five
Lycophyta
Ex. organism: club moss Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: Yes True Leaves?: no, microphylls Homosporous or Heterosporous?: homosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, no lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seedless Water for Fertilization?: yes
Cycadophyta
Ex. organism: cycads Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes Homosporous or Heterosporous?: heterosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, with lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seeds Water for Fertilization?: no
Monilophyta
Ex. organism: ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes, megaphylls Homosporous or Heterosporous?: homosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, no lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seedless Water for Fertilization?: yes
Anthrophyta
Ex. organism: flowering plants Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes Homosporous or Heterosporous?: heterosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, with lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seeds Water for Fertilization?: no
Ginkgophyta
Ex. organism: ginkgo Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes Homosporous or Heterosporous?: heterosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, with lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seeds Water for Fertilization?: no
Anthocerophyta
Ex. organism: hornworts Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: G Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: No, rhizoids True Leaves?: no Homosporous or Heterosporous?: homosporous Vascular tissue?: no Seedless or Seeds?: seedless Water for Fertilization?: yes
Hepatophyta
Ex. organism: liverwort Cuticle?: no S or G Dominant: G Regulated Stomata?: no stomata True Roots?: no, rhizoids True Leaves?: thalli Homosporous or Heterosporous?: homosporous Vascular tissue?: no Seedless or Seeds?: seedless Water for Fertilization?: yes
Bryophyta
Ex. organism: moss Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: G Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: no, rhizoids True Leaves?: no Homosporous or Heterosporous?: homosporous Vascular tissue?: no Seedless or Seeds?: seedless Water for Fertilization?: yes
Coniferophyta
Ex. organism: pine, cones Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes Homosporous or Heterosporous?: heterosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, with lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seeds Water for Fertilization?: no
Gnetophyta
Ex. organism: welwitschia, ephedra Cuticle?: yes S or G Dominant: S Regulated Stomata?: yes True Roots?: yes True Leaves?: yes Homosporous or Heterosporous?: heterosporous Vascular tissue?: yes, with lignin Seedless or Seeds?: seeds Water for Fertilization?: no
What are flowers and what structure are they derived from?
Flowers: reproductive structures, modified leaves for reproductive purposes
Plant tissue types: Ground
Ground tissue (neither covers nor transports, often supports and metabolizes): if internal to vascular tissue is often called pith and if it is external, it is called cortex -----Specialized for photosynthesis, support, storage, and short-distance transport -----In the middle, between dermal and vascular layers
Alternation of generations basic life cycle
Haploid spore germinates into haploid gametophyte. This goes through mitosis and gains an egg/sperm from another plant to combine with this gamete in fertilization. The diploid zygote formed then goes through mitosis and forms the diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte then goes through meiosis to form haploid spores to complete the process again
Where are the gametophytes?
In gymnosperms, the female gametophytes are in ovulate cones; the male ones are in pollen cone In angiosperms, the female gametophytes are in the carpel in the ovary in the ovules; the male gametophytes are in the stamen in the anther
What is double fertilization?
Occurs in flowering plant reproduction, where the fusion of the egg and sperm and the simultaneous fusion of a second sperm and two polar nuclei that ultimately results in the formation of the endosperm of the seed
Fungal Life Cycle: Ascomycetes, Asexual Portion
One strain of mycelium produces Conidiophores that either disperse as spore that germinate or become Conidia, which are asexual spores of the - strain
Pollen vs ovules
Ovules are in female flowers that develop into seeds when fertilized; they are fertilized by pollen which is the male gametophyte
How have plants and animals co-evolved?
Plants have grown to entice animals to pollinate and ingest seeds to disperse them
Arbuscules
Specialized branching hyphae that are found in some mutualistic fungi and exchange nutrients with living plant cells.
Fern life cycle
Spore disperses with lip cells (?) that then germinate to a gametophyte, with the mature gametophyte being either male or female to produce an egg or sperm. These combine inside the archegonium and fertilize to form a diploid zygote. Here, the sporophyte is still dependent on the gametophyte until it matures. Then, the sori with sporangium go through meiosis to produce haploid spores
Hyphae
The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
Moss life cycle
The haploid spores grow into either male or female gametophytes. The egg from the female gametophyta (Archegonia) combines with the sperm from the male gametophyte (Antheridia) to fertilize within the archegonium. This forms the diploid zygote which then forms the diploid embryo, which is protected. This then becomes a young sporophyte. The mature sporophyte contains sporangium that produce haploid spores by going through meiosis
Angiosperm life cycle
The mature flower on sporophyte plant possess the carpel (female part of plant) and the stamen (male part of plant). The carpel contains the ovary with ovules with diploid megasporangium. This goes through meiosis to form the female gametophyte with an embryo sac and haploid egg. The stamen contains diploid microsporangium that goes through meiosis to produce haploid microspores. This forms the male gametophyte with pollen grain, which then goes down into the carpel to surround the ovule. Fertilization then happens and a zygote forms inside the ovary with a nucleus developing endosperm (3n). This is where double fertilization happens in order to get the endosperm. The diploid embryo is then protected by a seed coat and has endosperm as a food source. This seed then germinates and grows into a mature flower on a sporophyte plant
Gymnosperm/Cone life cycle
The mature sporophyte grows two cones: the ovulate cone that is female and the pollen cone that is male. The ovulate cone contains megasporocytes that possess megasporangium. The pollen cone contains microsporocytes that possess microsporangium that go through meiosis to become pollen grains. These pollen grains then germinate with the megasporangium inside the ovulate cone. This goes through meiosis and the surviving haploid megaspore combines with a sperm nucleus during fertilization. A seed coat and food reserves form around the embryo. These seeds then become a seedling, which then grows into the diploid mature sporophyte
Fruiting body
The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores
What is endosperm?
The result of double fertilization that is the food-storage tissue for the embryo
microphylls
The small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein.
Megaphylls
a leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of vast majority of vascular plants; Complex leaves
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses?
antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is correct?
conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes
What fungi do as: decomposers
decompose basic carbohydrates and proteins but they also decompose those that most organisms cannot like cellulose, lignin, and chitin
What is an embryo?
develops from the zygote and is when a male gamete fuses with an egg; it is usually present in the seed
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
Primary vs secondary growth: primary growth
elongation of the plant; occurs at apical meristems (actively mitotic regions) at roots and shoots
Which of the following structures in an angiosperm is triploid?
endosperm
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
What fungi do as: parasites
fungal infections
What fungi do as: mutualists
fungi show mutualistic relationships with all other kingdoms or organisms as well as some prokaryotes
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
Which answer arranges the characteristics of plants in the order in which they evolved, from most ancient to most recent?
gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
Plant cell types: Collenchyma
grouped in strands for flexible support with thicker cell walls
Septate
hyphae with cross walls
Coenocytic
hyphae without septa
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga?
it is surrounded by a cuticle
Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants?
it occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
Plant cell types: Phloem cells
living cells that conduct photosynthate -----Sieve tube cells have sieve plates for end-to-end flow ------Companion cells are non-conducting but connect to sieve tube cells via plasmodesmata to conduct photosynthate to the sieve tube cells
Mycelium
mass of hyphae
Which of the following accurately describes meristematic plant cells?
meristematic cells are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all types of which of the following structures?
modified leaves
What is an embryophyte?
multicellular eukaryotes with specialized reproductive organs; the young embryo sporophyte is nurtured during the early stages of its development within the tissues of the parent gametophyte
Which of the following are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms?
ovaries
In additions to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to seed-producing plants?
pollen
Plant cell types: Sclerenchyma
rigid supporting cells with thick walls reinforced with lignin ---May be sclerids (what gives a pear its texture) or fibers (for support and structure)
Which on of the following does not correctly match the form with its function?
root hairs: decrease surface area in contact with the soil
Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
secondary xylem
Which of these structures produce spores?
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
Lignin
substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid
Primary vs secondary growth: secondary growth
the change in thickness of the plant; occurs at lateral meristems (includes the vascular cambium and cork cambium); width -----Not all plants grow through secondary grown, need to be eudicot and growth has to be in rings? ------Vascular cambium (another word for meristem): adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem (oldest in the center) -------Cork cambium: replaces epidermis with thick, tough periderm -------Vascular lay downs wood, cork lays down bark
Which of the following statements correctly describes the haploid gametophytes of bryophytes?
they are usually multicellular, but lack vascular tissue
Plant cell types: Parenchyma
thin and flexible walls with large central vacuoles; these cells often perform metabolic functions
Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?
tracheid: vascular tissue
Plant cell types: Xylem cells
water conducting cells that are dead and lignified when function ----May be thraceids (long, thin, and straw-like) or vessel elements (larger diameter, with perforation plates; thick and tough)
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
