BIOL 1114 Week 6 Ch28
Match the numbers on the left from the diagram with the correct term on the right.
1-anus 2-appendix 3-cecum 4-small intestine 5-large intestine 6-rectum
Match each number from the human digestive system diagram with its correct label.
1-salivary gland 2-liver 3-appendix 4-esophagus 5-stomach
Match the numbers from the human digestive system figure with their correct labels.
1-stomach 2-small intestine 3-rectum 4-large intestine
Rank the following physiological responses of starvation from its onset (at the top) to death.
1. The body extracts energy from muscle and stored fat. 2. Metabolism slows down and blood pressure drops. 3. Skin becomes dry and hair falls out. 4. Immune system proteins are dismantled and protection from infection declines. 5. Heartbeat becomes irregular and bones degenerate. 6. Person becomes blind, deaf, and emaciated.
Place the sections of the large intestine in order from nearest the small intestine at the top of the list to nearest the end of the digestive tract at the bottom of the list.
1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum 4. anus
Rank the following steps of food processing in animals from start (at the top) to finish (at the bottom).
1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination
Order the structures through which urine passes as it is excreted from the body, beginning at the top with the first structure.
1. kidney 2. ureter 3. urinary bladder 4. urethra
Match the number from the diagram of human teeth with the correct name of the tooth type.
1. molars 2. premolars 3. canine 4. incisors
Place the structures in the order that food passes through them from the mouth (at the top) to the stomach (at the bottom).
1. teeth and tongue 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach
How long can an average, healthy human survive without food?
50-70 days
Match each letter from the diagram of the human urinary system to its correct label.
A - adrenal glands B - Kidneys C - Renal artery D - Renal vein E - Ureters F - Urinary Bladder G - Urethra
Label the kidney structures with the proper term.
A - collecting duct B - nephron filter C - nephron tubule D - blood vessels
Select all the characteristics of the digestive tract in ruminants.
A four-chambered organ specializes in the digestion of plants. The largest and first chamber is called the rumen. A cud is produced in the rumen and regurgitated for chewing.
Select all of the factors that may lead to obesity.
An inactive lifestyle A diet high in sugar Genetics
In what eating disorder do individuals have a distorted body image and drastically under-eat, sometimes perceiving themselves as overweight?
Anorexia nervosa
______ increases the reabsorption of water at the collecting duct, thus increasing the concentration of urine and conserving water.
Antidiuretic hormone
______ powers the filtration that occurs at the entrance to the nephron.
Blood pressure
A standard measurement of the amount of energy contained in a food is the
Calorie.
Nutrition labels list a food's energy content in units called
Calories
Select all of the reasons why the small intestine isn't self-digested.
Digestive chemicals are only produced when food is present. Mucus protects the lining. Its cells divide rapidly and replace themselves.
How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?
Divide the person's weight in kilograms by squared height in meters
Select all of the healthy ways to lose weight.
Exercise Dietary modifications
True or False: BMI accounts for many of the details that affect health.
False
Select the three main components of feces.
Fiber Intestinal cells Bacteria
In proportion to their body weight, hummingbirds consume more food per day than do elephants. Why?
Hummingbirds have a much higher surface area relative to their body mass than an elephant.
Select three animals that have gastrovascular cavities.
Hydra flatworm jellyfish
Select all of the disadvantages of an incomplete digestive system.
It limits the potential for specialized compartments that store food. It limits the potential for specialized compartments that absorb nutrients. Digestion and elimination must occur before feeding again.
Select all the reasons why the stomach is not digested by its own gastric juices.
Little gastric juice is produced until food is present. The stomach has a mucus coating. There are tight junctions between the cells of the stomach lining.
What is the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients?
Macronutrients are required in larger amounts than micronutrients are.
Select all of the following ways that the microbes of the digestive tract become established in a human.
Microbes on a mother's skin and the environment enter a baby's gut. Babies acquire microbes from the milk or formula they drink.
Using the BMI chart, describe the health of an adult who is 1.73 meters tall and weighs 102 kilograms.
Obese
In what process do amino acids, ions, glucose, and water enter the blood from a nephron during urine formation?
Reabsorption
Select all the benefits provided by the trillions of bacteria that are residents of the large intestine.
They decompose cellulose and produce vitamins B and K. They prevent infection by harmful microbes. They break down bile.
True or false: Parrots have a different diet and therefore a slightly different digestive system than penguins and roadrunners.
True
True or false: The cells of the small intestine can be destroyed by digestive juices.
True
True or false: The small intestine releases digestive enzymes that are able to act on short polysaccharides to release simple sugars for absorption.
True
True or false: The stomach is not digested by its own juices partially because gastric juice is present in low amounts until food is present.
True
Select all the true statements about the animal waste products urine and feces.
Urine is a watery fluid containing wastes from the body's cells. Feces are composed of partly undigested food.
What can cause a decrease in water reabsorption, an increase in urine volume, and thirst due to dehydration?
a diuretic
For water to move into a cell by osmosis, there must be ______ concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell.
a higher
Select all of the following that are produced by different cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach lining.
a protein that becomes pepsin mucus hydrochloric acid
Select all of the functions of the small intestine.
absorb nutrients complete food digestion
During a stage of food use called , nutrients enter the cells lining the digestive tract and begin moving into the bloodstream.
absorption
Nutrients enter the cells of the digestive tract and move into the bloodstream during which of the following stages of food processing?
absorption
The ______ of the gastric juice denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.
acidity
In osmoregulation, the movement of ions against their concentration gradient is a process called ______ and requires ATP.
active transport
In osmoregulation, ______ can be used to move ions from an area where they are less concentrated to an area where they are more concentrated, and ______ may follow the ions by osmosis.
active transport; water
What hormone released by the adrenal glands increases reabsorption of Na+ in the nephron (and thereby increases water reabsorption), helping to increase blood pressure and blood volume when they fall too low?
aldosterone
Select all of the following that the kidneys act to conserve.
amino acids ions glucose water
People who suffer from ______ eat very little because they perceive themselves as overweight. Individuals with ______ eat but then they vomit the stomach contents or use a laxative to eliminate the food in their gut.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia
A(n) is an organism that makes its own food molecules using inorganic materials and an energy source, such as sunlight.
autotroph
An organism that uses inorganic materials and an energy source to build organic molecules is called a(n)
autotroph.
The large intestine contains many beneficial types of
bacteria.
is produced in the liver and aids in fat digestion by breaking fats into little droplets.
bile
The adrenal glands release the hormone aldosterone when
blood pressure and volume are too low.
Select all of the following that are regulated by the kidneys.
blood volume blood pH
Capillaries inside each villus of the small intestine empty into a vein that transports nutrient-laden ______ to the ______.
blood; liver
Match the mineral with the symptom associated with its deficiency in the human body.
calcium - weakened bones iron - anemia potassium - heart arrhythmia, muscle cramps sodium - muscle cramps
Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ of the kidney, is filtered by the nephrons, and then enters the renal vein.
capillaries
What takes up newly absorbed nutrients and water within villi?
capillaries
Select all of the following that are macronutrients.
carbohydrates proteins water lipids
Match each nutrient with its correct description of digestion.
carbohydrates-digestion beings in the mouth and is completed in the small intestine proteins-digestion beings in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine fats-emulsified by bile and digested in the small intestine nucleic acids-digested in the small intestine
Match the nutrient on the left with its end product of digestion on the right.
carbohydrates-monosaccharides proteins-amino acids fats-fatty acids and glycerol nucleic acids-nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates
The small cecum in the diagram indicates the animal is a(n)
carnivore.
The ______ forms the entrance to the large intestine and in herbivores houses fermenting bacteria used in digestion.
cecum
The start of the large intestine consists of the pouchlike ______, to which the small, thin appendix is attached.
cecum
The crystallization of ______ in bile can lead to the formation of gallstones.
cholesterol
Select all of the following that are directly absorbed by the small intestine.
cholesterol vitamins simple sugars minerals amino acids
The semifluid mixture of food and gastric juice in the stomach is called
chyme.
Inside each kidney, structures called ______ receive the fluid from several nephrons and empty it into the funnel-shaped upper portion of the ureter.
collecting ducts
In what section does the large intestine absorb most of the remaining water, ions, and minerals from chyme?
colon
The term gastrointestinal tract is used with a(n) ______ digestive system.
complete
The mouth and anus are the openings of a(n)
complete digestive system.
Select all of the functions of the stomach.
continue chemical digestion of food continue mechanical digestion of food receive food from the esophagus
Select all the effects of a diuretic, such as an alcoholic beverage.
decreased water reabsorption increased urine volume
Select all of the ruminants from the choices below.
deer sheep cow goat
If the nephrons are malfunctioning, a person may become ______ and, without treatment, die.
dehydrated
Select all of the functions of the liver.
detoxify alcohol produce bile store glycogen synthesize blood clotting proteins remove bacteria and toxins from the blood
The risk of developing type 2 ______ can be reduced by eating a balanced diet.
diabetes
is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the digestive system.
digestion
Select all the functions of the gastrovascular cavity.
digestion of food circulation of nutrients
The physical and chemical breakdown of food is called
digestion.
The ______ system is responsible for the ingestion and breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
digestive
The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine is called the
duodenum.
Select the main functions of the digestive system from the choices listed below.
eliminate undigested waste ingest food break down ingested food absorb small molecules
In animals, the final stage of food processing is called ______, in which undigested food is expelled from the body.
elimination
Select the four steps that animals use in processing food.
elimination digestion ingestion absorption
The exit of undigested food from the digestive tract is called
elimination.
The function of bile is to
emulsify fat into small droplets to increase surface area for lipase.
Ingestion is the
entrance of food into the digestive tract.
After blood is filtered at the ______ of the nephron, substances are then reabsorbed from or secreted into the filtrate, and the filtrate at the end of the nephron is called ______.
entrance; urine
Select all of the following that are components of gastric juice.
enzymes water hydrochloric acid mucus
Select all of the characteristics of extracellular digestion.
enzymes dismantle large food particles in a cavity digestion takes place in a cavity rather than inside cells food remains outside the cells until it is digested and absorbed
What prevents food in the pharynx from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
What part of the digestive tract connects the pharynx to the stomach?
esophagus
Select all the ways that animals lose water.
evaporation from lungs feces and urine evaporation from skin
Elimination of metabolic wastes is called
excretion.
The most effective and healthy way to lose weight is to increase ______, decrease ______, and maintain a balanced diet.
exercise; calorie intake
Complex animals obtain nutrients through ______, releasing enzymes into a digestive cavity that is connected to the environment.
extracellular digestion
A digestive system is adaptive because it allows an animal to ______.
extract nutrients from foods and liquids
Select all the characteristics of a complete digestive tract.
extracts nutrients more efficiently than a gastrovascular cavity regions of the tract can have specialized functions food passes through in one direction
The large intestine eliminates ______ through the anus.
feces
Solid waste that leaves the digestive tract is referred to as
feces.
Several foods can provide ______, which helps food move through the digestive tract.
fiber
In the first step of urine formation, blood pressure drives what process?
filtration
Chyme is
found in the stomach and consists of food and gastric juice.
Bile, which is produced in the liver, is stored in the
gallbladder.
Gallstones can form in the
gallbladder.
What digestive system is shown in the diagram?
gastrointestinal tract with two openings
Circulation of nutrients and digestion of food are the two functions of the ______ in animals such as jellyfish and flatworms.
gastrovascular cavity
What type of digestive system is shown in the diagram?
gastrovascular cavity with one opening
Select all of the following that are ways animals use nutrients.
grow maintain tissues metabolism
The large cecum in the diagram indicates the animal is a(n) ______.
herbivore
Match the feeding category on the left with its definition on the right.
herbivore - eats plants carnivore - eats animals omnivore - eats plants and animals detrivore - eats decomposing organic matter
What types of mammals have longer digestive tracts because their diets are rich in cellulose?
herbivores
Animals that eat plants are called . Animals that eat meat are called . And animals that eat both plants and meat are called
herbivores; carnivores; omnivores
A larger cecum is found in ______ animals, and a smaller cecum is found in ______ animals.
herbivorous; carnivorous
An organism that must consume organic molecules to obtain carbon and energy is called a(n)
heterotroph.
Animals, fungi, and many other microbes are _____, organisms that must consume organic matter to obtain carbon and energy.
heterotrophs
Typically, smaller animals have ______ metabolic rates compared to larger animals.
higher
Leptin is a weight-related
hormone.
A digestive tract that has only one opening is called a(n) ______ digestive tract.
incomplete
Animals with a gastrovascular cavity have a(n) ______ digestive system.
incomplete
Jellyfish and Hydra are examples of animals with ______ digestive tracts.
incomplete
Chewing is beneficial for digestion of food because chewing
increases the surface area of food particles to facilitate chemical digestion.
The entrance of food into the digestive tract is called
ingestion.
Taking nutrients into food vacuoles and digesting them within the cell is referred to as ______ digestion.
intracellular
Select all the functions of the large intestine.
ion absorption water absorption waste elimination
Osmoregulation is the control of ______ in cells.
ion and water concentration
Match each mineral with its function in the human body. Instructions
iron - part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and some enzymes calcium - blood clotting, hormone release, nerve transmission, muscle contraction phosphorus - part of DNA, ATP, and cell membranes; bone and tooth structure potassium - nerve transmission, muscle contraction, nucleic acid synthesis
An herbivore has a longer digestive tract than a carnivore because
it requires more time to break down cellulose fibers than protein.
What is the primary excretory organ for the human urinary system?
kidney
Gastric juice has a low pH (very acidic). Select all of the functions of the acidity of the gastric juice.
kills certain microorganisms activates pepsin denatures proteins
The main functions of the ______ are water absorption and waste elimination.
large intestine
The weight-related hormone ______ inhibits eating and is released from adipose tissue.
leptin
In an animal's diet, micronutrients are required in ______ macronutrients.
lesser amounts than
Bile is produced by the , a large accessory digestive organ with many functions.
liver
Cirrhosis is a condition in the ______ where scar tissue prevents vital blood flow.
liver
If a person has cirrhosis, the scar tissue in the blocks the flow of blood and nutrients through extensive capillary beds.
liver
Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are four
macronutrients.
Excretion is the elimination of
metabolic wastes produced by body cells.
Desert kangaroo rats gain most of their water from ______, whereas humans gain water mostly from _____.
metabolism; ingesting food and drink
Minerals and vitamins are types of
micronutrients.
Select all of the following that are micronutrients.
minerals vitamins
Ingestion and the beginning of digestion take place in an area of the gastrointestinal tract called the ______.
mouth
Select all of the following that occur during urination.
muscle contractions of the bladder force urine out of the body sphincters at the bladder's exit relax
In the kidney, the ______ is closely linked to the capillaries, so it can filter the blood.
nephron
The ______ are the functional units of the kidneys that process filtrate and produce urine.
nephrons
The human kidney contains over 1 million filtering tubules called
nephrons.
Nephrons are responsible for removing ______ waste and toxins from the blood.
nitrogenous
The breakdown of proteins during metabolism produces ______, which are eliminated in urine.
nitrogenous wastes
Animals require ______ to provide potential energy stored in chemical bonds and chemical building blocks of animal bodies.
nutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals are the six main types of ______ found in food that animals consume.
nutrients
Substances that are used by organisms to grow and repair tissues are called
nutrients.
An incomplete digestive tract has ______ opening(s).
one
Regulating gain and loss of water and other ions in the cells and animal body is referred to as
osmoregulation.
If there is a 10% concentration of salt outside a cell, and a 1% concentration of salt inside the cell, the net movement of water will be
out of the cell.
Most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine are produced in the
pancreas.
The enzyme ______ produced by cells of the stomach begins the digestion of ______ in the stomach.
pepsin; proteins
How does food move down the esophagus to the stomach?
peristalsis
Smooth muscles underlying the entire digestive tract undergo ______, which are rhythmic waves of contraction.
peristalsis
Food as well as air pass through a tube at the back of the mouth called the ______, also called the throat.
pharynx
Select all the important resources that nutrients provide to an animal.
potential energy stored in the chemical bonds chemical building blocks
Nitrogenous wastes are produced from the breakdown of _____ and are excreted as ______ in mammals.
proteins; urea
Categorize the substances as those that are reabsorbed or secreted during urine formation in the kidneys.
reabsorbed-water, glucose, ions secreted-toxic substances, drug residues, hydrogen ions
Select the three processes that occur during urine formation in the nephrons of the kidney.
reabsorption secretion filtration
Select the reasons that a balanced diet can deliver long-term health benefits.
reduced risk of heart disease reduced risk of type 2 diabetes reduced risk of high blood pressure reduced risk of osteoporosis reduced risk of certain cancers
Select reasons why a high-fiber diet is beneficial to human health.
reduces risk of colorectal cancer assists in moving food through the digestive tract reduces blood cholesterol
The ______ is the largest chamber of the four-chambered digestive organ of ruminants.
rumen
Cows, goats, deer, and sheep all have a four-chambered organ that specializes in digestion of grass, classifying them as
ruminants.
Select all of the following that occur in the mouth.
salivary glands secrete saliva mechanical breakdown of food salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Completion of food digestion and the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in what long, tubular organ of the digestive system?
small intestine
Ducts from the liver and pancreas release their products into the duodenum of the
small intestine.
Match the substance that is contained in pancreatic juice with its correct function.
sodium bicarbonate-neutralize acid from the stomach trypsin-break down polypeptides into amino acids amylase-break down starches nucleases-break down DNA into nucleotides lipase-break down fats
Muscles that control the openings between digestive organs are called
sphincters.
What animals rely solely on intracellular digestion to obtain nutrients?
sponges
Although it absorbs very few nutrients, the ______ can absorb water, alcohol, and a few drugs, like aspirin.
stomach
Gastric juice is produced by the lining of the
stomach
The muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus is called the , which produces gastric juice and churns food.
stomach
The function of the gallbladder is to
store bile.
The accumulation of urine stimulates ______ in the bladder, which cause an urge to urinate.
stretch receptors
Select all the health risks for an individual who is obese.
stroke colon and breast cancers atherosclerosis type 2 diabetes sleep disorders
The villi and microvilli greatly increase the ______ of the small intestine, which allows for faster absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
surface area
The competitive exclusion theory can be applied to the bacterial species in the large intestine because
the normal bacteria in the large intestine prevent harmful bacteria from colonizing there.
What muscular structure in the mouth mixes food and pushes it to the back of the mouth for swallowing?
tongue
A complete digestive tract of an animal has
two openings, the mouth and the anus.
Match the BMI number or range of numbers on the left with its approximate meaning on the right.
under 19 - underweight 19-25 - healthy 26-30 - overweight 31-40 - obese
The ureter passes urine to the urinary bladder, which is then drained by way of the ______ to the outside of the body.
urethra
What system filters blood, eliminates nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain ion concentration of body fluids?
urinary
Match each structure in the human urinary system with its correct description.
urinary bladder-stores urine before elimination ureters-transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder urethra-conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body kidney-cleanses blood and forms urine
Nephrons filter the blood and produce ______ that contains wastes and excess ions for excretion.
urine
The liquid waste that is produced by the kidneys after blood is cleansed is called
urine.
The lining of the small intestine is composed of millions of finger-like projections called ______, which are lined with epithelial cells that have extensions of the cell membrane called ______.
villi; microvilli
Sphincter muscles at the mouth and anus are under ______ control, and the remaining sphincter muscles within the digestive tract are under ______ control.
voluntary; involuntary
The kidneys regulate the blood volume by controlling the amount of ______ lost in urine.
water
Select the substances that can be absorbed by the stomach.
water aspirin salts (ions)
Select all of the following that are among the main types of nutrients for animals.
water proteins vitamins lipids carbohydrates
Select all of the following that can be driven by blood pressure through the nephron filter to enter the nephron tubule.
water urea ions amino acids glucose
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate
water reabsorption in the kidney.
Select all of the following that apply to peristalsis.
wavelike contractions of smooth muscle helps to churn food, along with enzymes stimulated by autonomic nervous system
