BIOL 1201 Exam 2 Moroney LSU
what are the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle?
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration
How many CO2 molecules will need to be fixed for a plant to make sucrose?
12
To what end of a DNA strand are new nucleotides added during DNA replication?
3' - the carbon with OH on it.
How many ATPs are made when one glucose molecule is utilized using aerobic respiration? none two six ten thirty six
36
the new strand of DNA is made in the __________ direction.
5' to 3'
How many carbons does glucose have?
6
how many CO2 molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of aerobic respiration?
6
what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
which source of energy is most directly responsible for ATP synthesis in the chloroplast?
A pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane
what is hypertonic?
A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells. Water will move out of cell. Cell will shrink
what is isotonic?
A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells
a diagram of a metabolic path is to the right. Metabolite A is converted to metabolite D with metabolites A and B as intermediates. As metabolite D builds up in the cell it inhibits enzyme 1. when this happens what will happen to the amounts of metabolites A and B?
A will increase and B will decrease
The processes of active transport and the movement of motor proteins involved in cell motility both require
ATP
what is the equation of ATP hydrolysis?
ATP > ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate)
Chemiosmosis drives _____ and occurs in ______.
ATP formation; the mitochondrion and the chloroplast
Which bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together? What about the phosphate and sugar?
Bases = hydrogen bonds; backbone = phosphodiester bond
Consider the energy profile to the right. which arrow shows the activation energy in the presence of an enzyme?
C
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following is true? a. A=C b. A=G and C=T C. A+C = G+T d. G+A = C+T e. answers C and D
C. A+C = G+T d. G+A = C+T e. answers C and D
What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?
C4-type photosynthesis
plants that fix CO2 into C-4 acids at night when stomates are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when stomates are closed are called
CAM plants
in what type of photosynthesis are the leaf stomates open at night and closed during the day?
CAM type photosynthesis
what type of photosynthesis is done by Spanish moss?
CAM type photosynthesis
plant organelle where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast
In class, I did a demonstration of the following reaction: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2. This reaction did not occur until the catalase was added. What did the catalase do? A. The reaction is normally endergonic, but the catalase changed the reaction and it became exergonic. B. The reaction is normally exergonic, but the catalase changed the reaction and it became endergonic. C. The reaction is always endergonic, but catalase provided ATP to drive the reaction. D. The reaction is always exergonic, but catalase lowered the activation energy. E. Peroxide breaks down catalase releasing O2.
D. The reaction is always exergonic, but catalase lowered the activation energy.
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does. DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not.
the molecule that links together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is
DNA ligase
what enzyme links two pieces of DNA together?
DNA ligase
Replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides and repairs errors
DNA polymerase I
what enzymes removes RNA primer and replaces DNA?
DNA polymerase I
Adds DNA nucleotides to the ends of RNA primers
DNA polymerase III
the making of an exact copy of DNA is called
DNA replication
Unwinds the DNA double helix to form replication bubbles
Helicase
what is hypotonic?
Less solute molecules/ more solvent water molecules. Water will move across the membrane to the inside of the cell. Cell will swell up.
which molecule is the most oxidized?
N triple bonded to N
which of the following molecules donates electrons to the mitochondrial electrons transport chain?
NADH
Adds RNA primers to each strand
Primase
What element is found in protein but not DNA? Where in a protein would this element be found?
Sulfur and certain amino acids
Consider the DNA sequence: 5' ATGCGGCATTAA 3'. What mRNA would be produced from this sequence?
TTAATGCCGCAT
What experiment determined that replication is semi-conservative?
The Meselson-Stahl experiment 1. Bacteria cultured in medium containing N15. 2. Bacteria transferred in medium containing N14. They differences were in weight, the heavier would be denser. Nitrogen is found in the bases of the DNA. 3. DNA sample centrifuged after 20 mins. 4. DNA sample centrifuged after 40 mins. After regeneration, the DNA would show up as a single band. After 2nd generation, one band with intermediate and one band with only N14.
What type of molecule is ATP? a carbohydrate a protein a lipid a nucleotide
a nucleotide
which molecule will yield the most energy in aerobic respiration? a. gluclose b. pyruvate c. acetyl CoA d. NADH e. H2O
a. gluclose
Which of the following types of transport requires energy? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport
active transport
a chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called
an endergonic reaction
What is the directionality of the DNA strands?
anti-parallel opposite
What shape does the DNA molecule take on?
double helix
true or false: enzyme regulation only occurs at the active site
false
True or false: one the first step in a metabolic pathway requires an enzyme
false; all steps not the first step
are CAM plants spatial or temporal?
temporal
how does an enzyme affect EA? What does this mean for the rate of the reaction?
the enzyme decreases EA making the reactions faster
The 3 in the C3 refers to what? The 4 in the term C4 refers to what?
the step after fixation makes 3 or 4 carbons
what is a membranous sac that contains cholorphyll
thylakoid
Which bases are pyrimidines?
thymine and cytosine
How many CO2 molecules are produced when one maltose molecule is completely converted to CO2 and H2O by aerobic respiration? Remember maltose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules.
12
Most plants make sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?
12
How many pyruvates are made from one glucose during glycolysis?
2
The bases adenine and thymidine base pair in DNA double helices. What type of bond and how many make up this interaction.
2 hydrogen bonds
How many strands does DNA have?
2 strands
For this question, assume that you have given a bacterial cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive. after two rounds of cell division, there are four cells. How many of these cells will be radioactive?
2 will be radioactive
DNA isolated from a bacterium is composed of 30% thymidine (T). What percentage of the nucleotides are guanosine (G)?
20%
How many carbons does pyruvate have?
3
how many CO2 molecules are released by a single pyruvate molecule during aerobic respiration?
3
a diagram of a metabolic path is to the right. Metabolite A is converted to metabolite D with metabolites B and C as intermediates. As metabolite D builds up in the cell it inhibits enzyme 2. when this happens what will happen to the amounts of metabolites B and C?
B will increase and C will decrease
What does it mean to say that DNA replication is semi-conservative?
Replication of DNA molecule produces two molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand
In an experiment extracted from the pathogenic S strain of Streptococcus pneumonia is mixed with living cells of the non pathogenic R strain and this mixture is injected into mice. What will happen?
The mice will die and the bacteria from the dead mice will look like the S strain
what is the direct source of energy that drives ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
a H gradient across the inner membrane
what step breaks glucose down into two 3 carbon molecules? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis
a. glycolysis
There are four flasks of yeast: Each flask has all of the nutrients for growth except an energy source. Here is what is in each flask: Flask A has glucose but no O2 and is in the dark. Flask B has glucose and O2 and is in the dark. Flask C has no glucose and no O2 and is in the dark. Flask D has no glucose but has O2 and is in the dark. Flask E has no glucose but has CO2 and is in the light Which flask(s) will be able to grow? a. Only flask A b. Flasks A and B c. Flasks A, B and D d. Flasks A, B and E e. All ofthe flasks will be able to grow.
b. Flasks A and B
There are four flasks of yeast: Each flask has all of the nutrients for growth except an energy source. Here is what is in each flask: Flask A has glucose but no O2 and is in the dark. Flask B has glucose and O2 and is in the dark. Flask C has no glucose and no O2 and is in the dark. Flask D has no glucose but has O2 and is in the dark. Flask E has no glucose but has CO2 and is in the light Which flask(s) will be producing CO2? a. Only flask A b. Flasks A and B c. Flasks A, B and D d. Flasks A, B and E e. All of the flasks will produce CO2
b. Flasks A and B
you accidentally leave your favorite house/dorm plant in the dark over thanksgiving break. to your surprise, it is still alive when you return because _________ a. it still produced sugars to live on because the Calvin cycle does not require light b. it obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation. c. it used short wave energy to power photosynthesis d. the light reactions were driven by the breakdown of organic molecules instead of light e. plants are not really living organisms
b. it obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation.
recently some University of Southern Mississippi students took some breath mints containing chlorophyll and decided to go to the beach and photosynthesize. this probably won't work because the proteins that bind chlorophyll are not present in human, even students from USM. what proteins listed below do bind chlorophyll? a. rubisco b. photosystem I and photosystem II c. the choloroplast ATP synthase d. answers A and B e. answers A B and C
b. photosystem I and photosystem II
how does a competitive inhibitor restrict enzyme activity?
bonds to active site
For this question, assume that you have given a bacterial cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive. after one cell division, which cells is/are radioactive?
both cells will be radioactive
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
by lowering the activation energy of a reaction
Which of the following equals 0.2 mm? a. 2 x 10^2 mm b. 2 um c. 200 um d. 2 nm e. 20 nm
c. 200 um
which of the following can pass most easily through a lipid bilayer? a. DNA b. ATP c. O2 d. catalase e. NA
c. O2
which statement about DNA is true? a. DNA binds to ribosomes during protein synthesis b. DNA contains the sugar ribose c. DNA contains the base uracil d. DNA contains the base adenine e. all of the above
d. DNA contains the base adenine
which organism below is capable of aerobic respiration? a. grass b. yeast cells c. oak trees d. mice e. all of the above
e. all of the above
what passive transport requires transport proteins?
facilitated diffusion
what is the purpose of coupling two reactions to each other?
favorable reaction allows the unfavorable reaction to proceed
exergonic reactions are considered ____ because they _______ energy
favorable, release
what is the main purpose of a membrane?
filter/keep certain particles out of the cell
define a photosystem
functional unit of photosynthesis - protein pigment complexes that absorb light energy. II comes before I
Using aerobic respiration, which molecule can provide the most energy?
glucose
which pathway or reaction is common in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?
glycolysis
leaf tissue made of cells that contain most of a plant's chloroplasts
mesophyll
what process consumes O2, converting in to H2O?
mitochondrial electron transport
what process consumes O2, converting it to H2O
mitochondrial electron transport
what process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
mitochondrial electron transport
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
what is the location of the Kreb's cycle?
mitochondrial matrix
Since DNA strands run in the (opposite, same) direction, the two strands (can, cannot) be replicated in the same direction.
opposite, cannot
Which of the following types of transport specifically refers to the diffusion of water across the membrane? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport
osmosis
what is the movement of water?
osmosis
What byproduct is produced by the light reactions and released from plant leaves?
oxygen
In the reaction: pyruvate + NAD > acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H which reactant has been oxidized?
pyruvate has been oxidized
what enzyme is used to fix CO2 in the Calvin cycle
rubisco
what process produces O2?
the citric acid cycle/kreb's cycle
how are the plasma membrane and a membrane of the Golgi apparatus different?
the proteins in each membrane would be different
How many carbons does acetyl-CoA have?
2
An unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP to ADP and phosphate is an example of
a coupled reaction
what protein hydrolyzes ATP and uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to transport ions across the membrane?
electrogenic pumps
Joins Okazaki fragments to seal the sugar-phosphate backbone
ligase
what is an enzyme's active site?
location where substrates bind and react
In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that
mixing a heat killed pathogen strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form
what type of biological molecules are inserted into bacteria by bacteriophages to start the viral infection?
nucleic acids only
When Hershey and Chase labeled bacteriophage with 32P what did they label? proteins nucleotides lipids carbohydrates all of the above cell components
nucleotides
when compared with oxidized NAD, reduced NADH has
one less carbon to carbon double bond
what is a type of simple diffusion?
osmosis
what is the optimum pH for most biological enzymes?
pH = 7
in this reaction: pyruvate + NAD > acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H which of the reactant has been oxidized?
pyruvate has been oxidized
chlorophyll molecules mostly absorb the __________ wavelengths of visible light
red and blue
what phase of the Calvin cycle requires the most ATP and NADPH?
reduction
At the end of the second electron transport chain, NADP becomes NADPH. Is this reaction an example of oxidation or reduction?
reduction - gained electrons. Remember OIL RIG
what metabolic process that we learned about uses the products of photosynthesis as reactants?
respiration
____________ is probably the most abundant enzyme on the planet
rubisco
DNA replication is: conservative semi-conservative liberal semi-liberal moderate wildly-moderate
semi-conservative
what determines how an enzyme will function?
shape - primary structure
what type of passive transport doesn't require transport proteins?
simple diffusion
what type of fermentation can the brain perform?
the brain cannot form any fermentation
How does an enzyme affect Delta G? what does this mean for the amount of energy released by the reaction?
the enzyme doesn't affect Delta G and energy stays the same
where is the location of the ATP synthase responsible for most of the ATP made during aerobic respiration?
the inner mitochondrial membrane
When DNA from dead Streptococcus pneumoniae "S" is added to living "R" cells and this mixture injected into mice. What happens? the mouse lives the mouse dies
the mouse dies
When protein from dead Streptococcus pneumoniae "S" is added to living "R" cells and this mixture injected into mice. What happens? the mouse lives the mouse dies The mouse gives this restaurant a poor review on Yelp!
the mouse lives
the process of endocytosis is
the movement of substances into the cell through membrane bound vesicles
In the Hersey chase experiment, which part of the virus was inserted into the host cell to start a viral infection?
viral nucleic acid
the concentration of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is approx 22% and this concentration is maintained by the breakdown of _____ in photosynthesis.
water
Special chlorophyll molecules in photosytem II donate electrons to an electron transport chain. These electrons come from _________ which releases O2 as a byproduct.
water splitting
how many CO2 molecules are needed for a plant to make one sucrose molecule?
12
How many NADH are produced when one glucose molecule goes through the glycolysis?
2
Oxygen is vital to the process of aerobic respiration. It allows aerobic organisms to derive a great deal more energy from glucose than anaerobic organisms are able to. What is the vital role that oxygen plays in cellular respiration? a. it is a reactant in glycolysis, necessary for the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid b. oxygen is a waste product of citric acid cycle c. oxygen is required to build the acetyl- CoA molecule d. oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain e. oxygen reacts directly with glucose resulting in Co2 and H2O
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
cyanide binds to cytochrome at the same site as O2 blocking the enzyme. What type of molecule is cyanide?
a competitive inhibitor
an unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP to ADP and Pi is an example of ____________.
a coupled reaction
what occurs in anaerobic yeast cells but not aerobic yeast cells
alcoholic fermentation
why is activation energy important for metabolic control in biological systems?
all the reactions would happen at once and the cells need to control the reactions
why is it that a hypotonic solution is unhealthy for animal cells but not for plant cells?
animal cells will gain too much water and rupture the cell membrane membrane which destroys the cell. Plants have a cell wall that keep it from rupturing
cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H2O at room temperature because
at room temperature the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted
example of CAM plants
cacti, pineapple
green pigment that absorbs light energy
chlorophyll
example of C4 plants
corn and sugarcane
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
what step oxidized NADH? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis
d. electron transport
an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution is likely to
enlarge and possibly lyse
example of C3 plants
everything else; soy beans, rice, flowers
what process occurs in muscles undergoing O2 deprivation?
lactic acid fermemtation
what factors affect an enzyme's activity?
pH, temperature, cofactors, and regulators
what transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration and doesn't require energy?
passive transport
aqueous interior of chloroplasts
stroma
in the next experiment DNA extracted from baboon skin cells is mixed with living cells of the non pathogenic R strain of S pneumonia and this mixture is injected into mice. What will happen?
the mice will live; any surfing bacteria will look like the R strain
endergonic reactions are considered ______ because they ______ energy.
unfavorable, require
the early atmosphere on Earth had almost no O2. What evolutionary event correlates with the appearance of O2 in the atomosphere?
with the appearance of the first photosynthetic life forms
How many lactic acids are made from one glucose during lactic acid fermentation?
2
what reactant is required from the environment for the Calvin cycle?
carbon dioxide
a chemical reaction that requires energy to take place
endergonic reaction
what is activation energy?
energy needed to start a reaction
Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
insulin, a hormone, is made in pancreatic cells and exported from the cell in small vesicles. These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane releasing the insulin from the cell. What process is occurring?
exocytosis
what transport is the movement of large/charged molecules and needs proteins to do it?
facilitated diffusion
what process converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and produces 2 ATPS?
glycolysis
What enzyme separates the two strands of DNA to unwind them?
helicase
without energy input, molecules tend to move down their concentration gradient. this means a molecule will love from a __________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration
higher to lower
where does the elctron transport chain take place?
inner mitochondrial membrane
This location becomes very acidic in the light
inside of the thylakoids
During vigorous exercise, anaerobic muscle cells produce _____ and gain ______.
lactate and ATP
the primary type of bond found in an enzyme would be:
peptide
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
phagocytosis. taking in of large food particles
which type of organism produces O2?
photosynthetic organisms produce O2
what are the 2 types of passive transport?
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Ensures that chromosomes don't shorten after every round of replication
telomerase
location of the chloroplast electron transport chain?
thylakoid membranes
true or false: cells must have constant energy input
true
true or false: enzyme regulation can be reversed
true
What happens to the ATP and NADPH made by the light reactions?
turned into ADP and NADP
How many CO2 molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of alcohol fermentation?
2
from one glucose molecule, glycolysis provides the cell with how many ATP and NADH?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
during aerobic respiration, the Kreb's cycle provides the cell with ____________ from one acetyl CoA molecule.
2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
How many ATPs are made when one glucose molecule is utilized using lactic acid fermentation? none two six ten 36
2
which of the following is true for endergonic reactions? a. the products have more free energy than the reactants b. the products have less free energy than the reactants c. reactant will always be completely converted to products d. a net output of energy is generated by the reactions e. the reactions decrease the free energy in the products and increaser the energy of the surrounding enviornment
a. the products have more free energy than the reactants
enzymes are _____ which means they speed up reactions
catalysts
which one of the steps directly requires O2? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis
d. electron transport
true or false: enzyme regulation always causes a decrease in enzyme activity
false; increase or decrease
which pathway is common or reaction is used in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation
glycolysis
You have a yeast strain that has a defect in Kreb's cycle. Under what conditions, if any, could the yeast grow?
it can grow by alcohol fermentation
How would you describe the reaction after looking at the diagram in the last question?
it is exergonic with or without an enzyme
you have a friend that recently lost 15 pounds. where did the fat go?
it was released as CO2 and H2O.
what happens when a photon hits a molecule of chlorophyll?
it will excite the electrons in the chlorophyll. They will go up, gain energy, and when they come back they will release energy
DNA strands have a 5' end, which usually consists of a free _________ group, and a 3' end, which usually consists of a free ________ group.
phosphate and hydroxyl
what does the fluid mosaic model say about phospholipid movement?
phospholipids move laterally across the membrane moving side to side and can flip upside down
What element is found in DNA but not protein? •Where in DNA would this element be found?
phosphorus and phosphate group
are C4 plants spatial or temporal?
spatial.
all of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except a. production of ATP b. production of NADH c. consumption of O2 d. release of carbon dioxide e. all of the above
c. consumption of O2
what transport protein changes shape in order to pass molecules across the membrane?
carrier transport protein
how does a noncompetitive inhibitor restrict enzyme activity?
change the shape, the substrate can't attach anymore
what protein forms a tunnel across the membrane and helps molecules across the membrane via passive transport - facilitated diffusion
channels
location of the Calvin cycle?
chloroplast stroma
where is rubisco located in the plant cell?
chloroplast stroma
all of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle EXCEPT a. production of ATP b. production of NADH c. production of FADH2 d. release of CO2 e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water
e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water
In the murder mystery you are reading the victim has been killed by his evil twin using carbon monoxide poisoning. Which part of aerobic respiration is inhibited by carbon monoxide?
electron transport
Our cells take up iron from the blood. Iron is usually bound to transferrin and when transferrin binds to its receptor on the outside ofthe cells it is brought inside the cell in coated vesicles. What type of transport is this? pinocytosis exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis clathrin-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis and phagocytosis
the concentration of pyruvate outside of the mitochondrion is higher than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for pyruvate to cross the membrane, but no ATP is required. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following types of transport requires a protein? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport
facilitated diffusion and active transport
true or false: metabolism is simply the method by which a cell breaks down food
false; metabolism is all reactants in a cell
what holds together the base pairs in DNA like G to C?
hydrogen bonds between the bases
A glass of salt water is ___ relative to a glass of pure water
hypertonic
what proteins bind chlorophyll?
photosystem I
what macromolecule category do enzymes fall under?
proteins
When Hersey and Chase labeled the phage with 35S- sulfur, what cellular component were they specifically labeling?
proteins were specifically labeled
what step releases the most CO2? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis
c. Krebs cycle
Where is Rubisco located in the chloroplast?
chloroplast stroma
O2 is produced during photosynthesis. Where does the O2 come from?
from H2O
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor. uses special receptor proteins to help carry large particles across the cell membrane.
where in the body do you think you would find an enzyme with a low optimum pH?
stomach - acidic
how do molecules enter/leave a plant leaf?
stomata
pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange
stomata
which parts of cellular respiration generate the carbon dioxide that we breathe out?
synthesis of acetyl CoA and citric acid cyle
For this reason, the leading strand is synthesized continuously (toward, away from) the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously (toward, away from) from the replication fork.
toward, away from